Compiled by Mazen A. Maktabi, M.D. 
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

1. Allt G, Lawrenson JG: Is the pial microvessel a good model for blood-brain barrier studies? Brain Res 24:67-76, 1997.

2. Baskaya MK, Rao AM, Dogan A, Donaldson D, Dempsey RJ: The biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the cortex and hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neuroscience Letters 226:33-36, 1997.

3. Boado RJ, Li JY, Pardridge WM: Selective Lutheran glycoprotein gene expression at the blood-brain barrier in normal brain and in human brain tumors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20(7):1096-102, 2000.

+4. Bonate PL: Animal models for studying transport across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurosci Meth 56:1-15, 1995.

5. Bradbury M: The concept of a blood-brain barrier. New York, Wiley & Sons, 1979.

*+6. Ermisch A, Brust P, Kretzschmar R, Ruhle HJ: Peptides and blood-brain barrier transport. Physiol Rev 73:489-527, 1993.

7. Germano A, Costa C, DeFord SM, Angileri FF, Arcadi F, Pike BR, Bramanti P, Bausano B, Zhao X, Day AL, Anderson DK, Hayes RL: Systemic administration of a calpain inhibitor reduces behavioral deficits and blood-brain barrier permeability changes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. J Neurotrauma 19(7):887-96, 2002.

8. Greenwood J: Mechanisms of blood-brain barrier breakdown. Neuroradiology 33:95-100, 1991.

9. Hardebo JE, Owman C: Barrier mechanisms for neurotransmitter monoamines and their precursors at the blood-brain interface. Ann Neurol 8:1-31, 1980.

10. Huber JD, Hau VS, Borg L, Campos CR, Egleton RD, Davis TP: Blood-brain barrier tight junctions are altered during a 72-h exposure to lambda-carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283(4):H1531-7, 2002.

+11. Johanson CE: Ontogeny and Phylogeny of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Implications of the blood-brain barrier and its manipulation. Edited by Neuwelt EA. New York, Plenum, Vol. 1, pp 157-198, 1989.

+12. Johanson CE: Potential for pharmacologic manipulation of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Implications of the blood-brain barrier and its manipulation. Edited by Neuwelt EA. New York, Plenum, Vol. 1, pp 223-260, 1989.

+13. Kimelberg HK: Current concepts of brain edema. Review of laboratory investigations. J Neurosurg 83:1051-1059, 1995.

14. Lane NJ: A comparison of the construction of intercellular junctions in the CNS of vertebrates and invertebrates. Trends Neurosci 7:95-99, 1984.

15. Mayhan WG: Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the permeability and reactivity of the cerebral microcirculation: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res 792(2):353-7, 1998.

16. Mayhan WG: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not alter basal permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res 855(1):143-9, 2000.

17. Mayhan WG:  VEGF increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier via a nitric oxide synthase/cGMP-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol 276(5 Pt 1):C1148-53, 1999.

*18. Mayhan WG, Didion SP: Glutamate-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier in rats. Role of nitric oxide. Stroke 27:965-969, 1996.

+19. Mooradian AD: Central nervous system complications of diabetes mellitus(a perspective from the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res 23:210-218, 1997.

20. Muldoon LL, Pagel MA, Kroll RA, Roman-Goldstein S, Jones RS, Neuwelt EA: A physiological barrier distal to the anatomic blood-brain barrier in a model of transvascular delivery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(2):217-22, 1999.

21. Nagy Z, Peters H, Huttner I: Charge-related alterations of the cerebral endothelium. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:S624-S625, 1983.

22. Pardridge WM: Blood-brain barrier biology and methodology. J Neurovirol 5(6):556-69, 1999. 

23. Pardridge WM: CNS drug design based on principles of blood-brain barrier transport. J Neurochem 70(5):1781-92, 1998.

*24. Pardridge WM: Drug and gene delivery to the brain: the vascular route. Neuron 36(4):555-8, 2002. 

25. Phillips DE, Krueger SK, Wall KA, Smoyer-Dearing LH, Sikora AK. The development of the blood-brain barrier in alcohol-exposed rats. Alcohol 14(4):333-43, 1997.

*26. Rapoport SI: Modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability. J Drug Targeting 3:417-425, 1996.

27. Selmaj K: Pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 18:57-73, 1996.

28. Simchon S, Manger W, Golanov E, Kamen J, Sommer G, Marshall CH. Handling 22NaCl by the blood-brain barrier and kidney: its relevance to salt-induced hypertension in dahl rats. Hypertension 33(1 Pt 2):517-23, 1999.

29. Spector R: Vitamin homeostasis in the central nervous system. N Engl J Med 296:1393-1398, 1977.

30. Stonestreet BS, Burgess GH, Cserr HF: Blood-brain barrier integrity and brain water and electrolytes during hypoxia/hypercapnia and hypotension in newborn piglets. Brain Res 590:263-270, 1992.

31. Tanno H, Nockels RP, Pitts LH, Noble LJ: Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier after fluid percussion brain injury in the rat. Part 2. Effect of hypoxia on permeability to plasma proteins. J Neurotrauma 9:335-347, 1992.

+32. Zlokovic BV: Cerebrovascular permeability to peptides: manipulations of transport systems at the blood-brain barrier. Pharmaceutical Research 12:1395-1406, 1995.

Hypertension

1. Farkas E, De Jong GI, Apro E, Keuker JI, Luiten PG: Calcium antagonists decrease capillary wall damage in aging hypertensive rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 22(2):299-309, 2001.

2. Hardebo JE: Vasodilation augments the blood-brain barrier lesions induced by an acute rise in intracarotid pressure. Blood Vessels 18:9-15, 1981.

3. Harris AP, Robinson R, Koehler RC, Traystman RJ, Gleason CA: Blood-brain barrier permeability during dopamine-induced hypertension in fetal sheep. J Appl Physiol 91(1):123-9, 2001.

4. Heistad DD: Protection of the blood-brain barrier during acute and chronic hypertension. Fed Proc 43:205-209, 1984.

+5. Heistad DD, Baumbach GL: Cerebral Vascular changes during chronic hypertension: good guys and bad guys. J Hyperten 10:S71-S75, 1992.

6. Johansson BB: Pharmacological modification of hypertensive blood-brain barrier opening. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 48:242-247, 1981.

+7. Johansson BB: Hypertension and the blood-brain barrier. Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation. Edited by Neuwelt EA. New York, Plenum, Vol. 2, pp 389-410, 1989.

*8. Johansson BB: Hypertension mechanisms causing stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 26(7):563-5, 1999.

9. Kucuk M, Kaya M, Kalayci R, Cimen V, Kudat H, Arican N, Elmas I, Korkut F: Effects of losartan on the blood-brain barrier permeability in long-term nitric oxide blockade-induced hypertensive rats. Life Sci 71(8):937-46, 2002.

*10. Mayhan WG: Role of activation of bradykinin B2 receptors in disruption of the blood-brain barrier during acute hypertension. Brain Res 738:337-341, 1996.

*11. Mayhan WG: Role of nitric oxide in disruption of the blood-brain barrier during acute hypertension. Brain Research 686:99-103, 1995.

12. Mayhan WG, Faraci FM, Heistad DD: Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in cerebrum and brain stem during acute hypertension. Am J Physiol 251:H1171-H1175, 1986.

13. Mayhan WG, Heistad DD: Role of veins and cerebral venous pressure in disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Circ Res 59:216-220, 1986.

14. Oztas B: Asymmetrical changes in blood-brain barrier permeability during pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and in acute hypertension. Psychiatry Res 82(2):129-33, 1998.

15. Oztas B, Turkel N: Influence of an abrupt increase in blood pressure on the blood-brain barrier permeability during acute hypertension and epileptic seizures. Pharmacol Res 44(3):209-12, 2001.

16. Shen S, Ingenito AJ: Kappa-opioid receptors behind the blood-brain barrier are involved in the anti-hypertensive effects of systemically administered kappa-agonists in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 51(11):1251-6, 1999.

Osmotic Disruption

*1. Abbott NJ: Astrocyte-endothelial interactions and blood-brain barrier permeability.
J Anat 200(6):629-38, 2002. 

2. Carrera RM, Pacheco AM Jr, Mastroti RA: Qualitative evaluation of the blood-brain barrier after the use of hypertonic saline solution in young rats. Eur Surg Res 33(5-6):311-7, 2001.

3. Chi OZ, Chang Q, Wang G, Weiss HR: Effects of nitric oxide on blood-brain barrier disruption caused by intracarotid injection of hyperosmolar mannitol in rats. Anesth Analg 84:370-375, 1997.

*4. de Lange EC, Danhof M: Considerations in the use of cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics to predict brain target concentrations in the clinical setting: implications of the barriers between blood and brain. Clin Pharmacokinet 41(10):691-703, 2002.

*5. Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N, Murat A, Edwards J, Belin MF: Are blood-brain interfaces efficient in protecting the brain from reactive molecules? Adv Exp Med Biol 500:359-64, 2001. 

6. Groothuis DR, Warkne PC, Molnar P, Lapin GD, Mikhael MA: Effect of hyperosmotic blood-brain barrier disruption on transcapillary transport in canine brain tumors. J Neurosurg 72:441-449, 1990.

7. Ikeda M, Bhattacharjee AK, Kondoh T, Nagashima T, Tamaki N: Synergistic effect of cold mannitol and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange blocker on blood-brain barrier opening. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291(3):669-74, 2002.

8. Mark KS, Davis TP: Cerebral microvascular changes in permeability and tight junctions induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282(4):H1485-94, 2002.

9. Mayhan WG, Heistad DD: Permeability of blood-brain barrier to various sized molecules. Am J Physiol 248:H712-H718, 1985.

10. Nagashima T, Ikeda K, Wu S, Kondo T, Yamaguchi M, Tamaki N: The mechanism of reversible osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier: role of intracellular calcium ion in capillary endothelial cells. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 70:231-3, 1997.

+11. Neuwelt EA, Barnett PA: Blood-Brain Barrier disruption in the treatment of brain tumors: Animal Studies. Implications of the Blood-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation. Clinical Aspects. Edited by Neuwelt EA. New York, Plenum, Vol. 2, pp 107-193, 1989.

+12. Neuwelt EA, Dahlborg S: Blood-Brain Barrier disruption in the treatment of brain tumors: Clinical Implications. Implication of the Blood-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation. Clinical Aspects. Edited by Neuwelt EA. New York, Plenum, Vol. 2, pp 195-261, 1989.

*+13. Rapoport SI: Advances in osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier to enhance CNS chemotherapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 10(10):1809-18, 2001. 

14. Rapoport SI: Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier: principles, mechanism, and therapeutic applications. Cell Mol Neurobiol  20(2):217-30, 2000. 

15. Rapoport SI, Fredericks WR, Ohno K, Pettigrew KD: Quantitative aspects of reversible osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol 238:R421-R423, 1980.

16. Remsen LG, Pagel MA, McCormick CI, Fiamengo SA, Sexton G, Neuwelt EA: The influence of anesthetic choice, PaCO2, and other factors on osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption in rats with brain tumor xenografts. Anesth Analg 88(3):559-67, 1999.

17. Robinson PJ, Rapoport SI: Model for drug uptake by brain tumors: Effect of osmotic treatment and of diffusion in brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10:153-161, 1990.

*18. Zheng W: Neurotoxicology of the brain barrier system: new implications. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39(7):711-9, 2001.