General/Physiology

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4. Baranauskas G, Nistri A: Sensitization of pain pathways in the spinal cord: cellular mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 54:349-365, 1998.

5.  Bucknill AT, Coward K, Plumpton C, Tate S, Bountra C, Birch R, Sandison A, Hughes SP, Anand P: Nerve fibers in lumbar spine structures and injured spinal roots express the sensory neuron-specific sodium channels SNS/PN3 and NaN/SNS2. Spine 27: 135-140, 2002.

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9. Daniel PH, Lam DKC, Pratt OE: Comparison of the vascular permeability of the brain and the spinal cord to mannitol and insulin in rats. J Neurochem 45:647-649, 1985.

10. Evans RH: The pharmacology of segmental transmission in the spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 33:255-279, 1989.

11. Grocott HP, Mutch WA: Epidural anesthesia and acutely increased intracranial pressure. Lumbar epidural space hydrodynamics in a porcine model. Anesthesiology 85:1086-1091, 1996.

*12. Hayashi N, Green BA, Gonzalez-Carvajal M, Mora J, Vera RP: Local blood flow, oxygen tension, and oxygen tension, and oxygen consumption in the rat spinal cord. Part 2: Relation to segmental level. J Neurosurg 58:526-530, 1983.

13. Hitchon PW, Lobosky JM, Yamada T, Torner JC: Effect of laminectomy and anesthesia upon spinal cord blood flow. J Neursurg 61:545-549, 1984.

*14. Hitchon PW, Mouw LJ, Rogge TN, Torner JC, Miller AK: Response of spinal cord blood flow to the nitric oxide inhibitor nitroarginine. Neurosurgery 39:795-803, 1996.

15. Hughes JT: The new neuroanatomy of the spinal cord. Paraplegia 27:90-98, 1989.

*16. Iida H, Watanabe Y, Dohi S, Ishiyama T: Direct effects of ropivacaine and bupivacaine on spinal pial vesels in canine. Assessment with closed spinal window technique. Anesthesiology 87:75-81, 1997.

17. Iida H, Dohi S, Tanahashi T, Watanabe Y, Takenaka M: Spinal conduction block by intrathecal ketamine in dogs. Anesth Analg 85:106-110, 1997.

*18. Inagaki Y, Tsuda Y: Contribution of the spinal cord to arousal from inhaled anesthesia: comparison of epidural and intravenous fentanyl on awakening concentration of isoflurane. Anesth Analg 85:1387-1393, 1997.

19.  Ishikawa M, Sekizuka E, Krischek B, Sure U, Becker R, Bertalanffy H: Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of spinal arteriolar tone. Neurosurgery 50: 371-377; discussion 377-378, 2002.

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*21. Klimscha W, Tong C, Eisenach JC: Intrathecal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists stimulate acetylcholine and norepinephrine release from the spinal cord dorsal horn in sheep. An in vivo microdialysis study. Anesthesiology 87:110-116, 1997.

22.  Kobrine AI, Doyle TF, Rizzoli HV: Spinal cord blood flow as affected by changes in systemic arterial blood pressure. J Neurosurg 44:12-15, 1976.

23.  Koyanagi I, Tator CH, Lea PJ: Three-dimensional analysis of the vascular system in the rat spinal cord with scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Part 1: Normal spinal cord. Neurosurgery 33:277-283, 1993.

24.  Lindsberg PJ, Jacobs TP, Frerichs KU, Hallenbeck JM, Feurstein GZ: Laser-Doppler flowmetry in monitoring regulation of rapid microcirculatory changes in spinal cord. Am J Physiol 263(1 Pt 2):H285-H292, 1992.

*+ 25. Malcangio M, Bowery NG: GABA and its receptors in the spinal cord. Trends Pharmacol Sci 17:457-462, 1996.

26.  McNicholas LF, Martin WR, Sloan JW, Nozaki M: Innervation of the spinal cord by sympathetic fibers. Exp Neurol 69:383-394, 1980.

*27. Naguib M, Yaksh TL: Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes that mediate antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Anesth Analg 85:847-853, 1997.

28.  Olave MJ, Maxwell DJ: An investigation of neurones that possess the alpha(2C)-adrenergic receptor in the rat dorsal horn. Neuroscience 115: 31-40, 2002.

*29. Pan HL, Song HK, Eisenach JC: Effects of intrathecal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination on sympathetic nerve activity in rats. Anesthesiology 88:481-486,1998.

30.  Pehl U, Schmid HA: Electrophysiological responses of neurons in the rat spinal cord to nitric oxide. Neuroscience 77:563-573, 1997.

31.  Redford EJ, Kapoor R, Smith KJ: Nitric oxide donors reversibly block axonal conduction: demyelinated axons are especially susceptible. Brain 120:2149-2157, 1997.

*+32. Rodrig uez DJ, Benzel EC, Clevenger FW: The metabolic response to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 35:599-604, 1997.

33.  Sakamoto T, Monafo WW: Regional blood flow in the brain and spinal cord of hypothermic rats. Am J Physiol 257:H785-790, 1989.

34.  Sakamoto T, Monafo WW: Regional spinal cord blood flow during local cooling. Neurosurgery 26:958-962, 1990.

35.  Sandor P, Komjati K, Reivich M, Nyary I: Major role of nitric oxide in the mediation of regional CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral and spinal cord vessels of the cat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14:49-58, 1994.

36.  Schoenen J: Clinical anatomy of the spinal cord. Neurol Clin 9:503-532, 1991.

37.  Skup M, Dwornik A, Macias M, Sulejczak D, Wiater M, Czarkowska-Bauch J: Long-term locomotor training up-regulates TrkB(FL) receptor-like proteins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 4 with different topographies of expression in oligodendroglia and neurons in the spinal cord. Exp Neurol 176: 289-307, 2002.

*38. Smirnova IV, Citron BA, Arnold PM, Zhang SX, Festoff BW: Characterization of apoptosis in a motor neuron cell line. Spine 23:151-158, 1998.

+39. Smith AL, Pender JW, Alexander SC: Effects of PCO2 on spinal cord blood flow. Am J Physiol 216:1158-1163, 1969.

+40. Somjen G: Effects of anesthetics on spinal cord of mammals. Anesthesiology 28:135-143, 1967.

41.  Sundstrom E, Whittemore S, Mo LL, Seiger A: Analysis of NMDA receptors in the human spinal cord. Exp Neurol 148:407-413, 1997.

42.  Tveten L: Spinal cord vascularity. IV. The spinal cord arteries in the rat. Acta Radiol 17:385-398, 1976.

43.  Ummenhofer WC, Arends RH, Shen DD, Bernards CM: Comparative spinal distribution and clearance kinetics of intrathecally administered morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil. Anesthesiology 92: 739-753, 2000.

44. Utsumi J, Adachi T, Miyazaki Y, Kurata J, Shibata M, Murakawa M, Arai T, Mori K: The effect of xenon on spinal dorsal horn neurons: a comparison with nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 84:1372-1376, 1997.

45. Wei ZY, Karim F, Roerig SC: Spinal morphine/clonidine antinociceptive synergism: involvement of G proteins and N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:1392-1407, 1996.

46. Zhou HH, Mehta M, Leis AA: Spinal cord motoneuron excitability during isoflurane and nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:302-307, 1997.