Compiled by Marek Mirski, M.D., Ph.D.
Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD

Books

*1. Albin MS: Textbook of Neuroanesthesia with Neurological and Neuroscience Perspectives. New York, McGraw Hill, 1997. Comprehensive.

*2. Benumof JL: Anesthesia for Patients with Neurologic Disease, Anesthesia Clinics of North America, Volume 15, #3. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1997 Good overview of a variety of neurologic conditions and their anesthetic implications.

3. Cottrell JE, Smith DS: Anesthesia in Neurosurgery, 4^th edition. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 2001. Excellent text.

4. Newfield P, Cottrell J: Handbook of Neuroanesthesia: Clinical and Physiological Essentials. Third Edition, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

Pharmacology

*1. Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Shah NK, Anderson CT: Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral metabolism in humans during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:549-557, 1997.

*+2. Baker KZ: Desflurane and Sevoflurane are valuable additions to the practice of anesthesiology: pro. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:66-68, 1997.

3. Duffy CM, Matta BF: Sevoflurane and anesthesia for neurosurgery: a review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 12:128-40, 2000.

4. Eldredge EA, Soriano SG, Rockoff MA: Neuroanesthesia. Neurosurg Clin N Am 6:505-20, 1995.

+ 5.  Islander G, Vinge E: Severe neuroexcitatory symptoms after anaesthesia --with focus on propofol anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:144?149, 2000.

+6. Koenig HM: What's up with the new volatile anesthetics, desflurane and sevoflurane, for neurosurgical patients? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:229-232, 1994.

+7. Lam AM, Mayberg TS: Use of nitrous oxide in neuroanesthesia: why bother? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 4:285-289, 1992.

8. Matta BF, Lam AM: Nitrous oxide increases cerebral blood flow velocity during pharmacologically induced EEG silence in humans. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:89-93, 1995.

9. Mayberg TS, Lam AM, Matta BF, Domino KB, Winn HR: Ketamine does not increase cerebral blood flow velocity or intracranial pressure during isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia in patients undergoing craniotomy. Anesth Analg 81:84-89, 1995.

10. Ornstein E, Young WL, Fleischer LH, Ostapkovich N: Desflurane and isoflurane have similar effects on cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial mass lesions. Anesthesiology 79:498-502, 1993.

11. Pinaud M, Lelausque JN, Chetanneau A, Fauchoux N, Menegalli D, Souron R: Effects of propofol on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in patients with brain trauma. Anesthesiology 73:404-409, 1990.

12. Reinstrup P, Ryding E, Algotsson L, Messeter K, Asgeirsson B, Uski T: Distribution of cerebral blood flow during anesthesia with isoflurane or halothane in humans. Anesthesiology 82:359-366, 1995.

+13. Samra SK: Place of nitrous oxide in neuroanesthesia: still a valuable drug. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 4:290-294, 1992.

14. Strebel S, Lam AM, Matta B, Mayberg TS, Aaslid R, Newell DW: Dynamic and static cerebral autoregulation during isoflurane, desflurane, and propofol anesthesia. Anesthesiology 83:66-76, 1995.

*+15. Tempelhoff R: The new inhalational anesthetics Desflurane and Sevoflurane are valuable additions to the practice of neuroanesthesia: con. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:69-71, 1997.

*16. Todd MM, Warner DS, Sokoll MD, Maktabi MA, Hindman BJ, Scamman FL, Kirschner J: A prospective, comparative trial of three anesthetics for elective supratentorial craniotomy. Propofol/fentanyl, isoflurane/nitrous oxide, and fentanyl/nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 78:1005-1020, 1993.

Aneurysms

1. Abe K: Vasodilators during cerebral aneurysm surgery. Can J Anaesth 40:775-790, 1993.

2. Sato K, Sato K, Yoshimoto T: Systemic and cerebral haemodynamics during craniotomy under mild hypothermia in patients with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Acta Neurochir (Wien).;142:1013-9, 2000.

+3.  Dangor AA, Lam AM: Anesthesia for cerebral aneurysm surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am 9:647-659, 1998.

*4. Haley EJ, Kassell NF, Torner JC: The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. The North American experience. Stroke 23:205-214, 1992.

5. Manninen PH, Ayra B, Gelb AW, Pelz D: Association between electrocardiographic abnormalities and intracranial blood in patients following acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:12-16, 1995.

*6. Nichols DA, Meyer FB, Piepgras DG, Smith PL: Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Mayo Clin Proc 69:272-285, 1994.

7. Sato K, Karibe H, Yoshimoto T. Advantage of intravenous anaesthesia for acute stage surgery of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.Acta Neurochir (Wien).;141:161-3, 1999.

8. Sato K, Karibe H, Yoshimoto T: Circulating blood volume in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage.Acta Neurochir (Wien).;141:1069-73, 1999.

*9. Solomon RA, Fink ME, Lennihan L: Early aneurysm surgery and prophylactic hypervolemic hypertensive therapy for the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 23:699-704, 1988.

10. Spetzler R, Hadley MN, Rigamonti D, Carter LP, Raudzens PA, Shedd SA, Wilkinson E: Aneurysms of the basilar artery treated with circulatory arrest, hypothermia, and barbiturate cerebral protection. J Neurosurg 68:868-879, 1988.

+11.  Young WL: Cerebral aneurysms: current anaesthetic management and future horizons.  Can J Anaesth 45(Pt 2):R17-R31, 1998.

Arteriovenous Malformations

*1. Al-Rodhan NR, Sundt TJ, Piepgras DG, Nichols DA, Rufenacht D, Stevens LN: Occlusive hyperemia: a theory for the hemodynamic complications following resection of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 78:167-175, 1993.

2. Batjer HH, Devous MS, Meyer YJ, Purdy PD, Samson DS: Cerebrovascular hemodynamics in arteriovenous malformation complicated by normal perfusion pressure breakthrough. Neurosurgery 22:503-509, 1988.

3. Jaeger K, Ruschulte H, Herzog T, Heine J, Leuwer M, Piepenbrock S: Anaesthesiological and criterial care aspects regarding the treatment of patients with arteriovenous malformations in interventional neuroradiology.Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 43:102-5, 2000.

4. Morgan MK, Johnston IH, Hallinan JM, Weber NC: Complications of surgery for arteriovenous malformations of the brain. J Neurosurg 78:176-182, 1993.

5.  Sala F, Niimi Y, Krzan MJ, Berenstein A, Deletis V: Embolization of a spinal arteriovenous malformation: correlation between motor evoked potentials and angiographic findings: technical case report. Neurosurgery 45:932-937; discussion 937-938, 1999.

6. Szabo MD, Crosby G, Sundaram P, Dodson BA, Kjellberg RN: Hypertension does not cause spontaneous hemorrhage of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Anesthesiology 70:761-763, 1989.

7. Tamaki N, Ehara K, Fujita K. Shirakuni T, Asada M, Yamashita H: Cerebral hyperperfusion during surgical resection of high-flow arteriovenous malformations. Surg Neurol 40:10-15, 1993.

*8.  Young WL, Kader A, Ornstein E, Baker KZ, Ostapkovich N, Pile-Spellman J, Fogarty-Mack P, Stein BM: Cerebral hyperemia after arteriovenous malformation resection is related to "breakthrough" complications but not to feeding artery pressure. The Columbia University Arteriovenous Malformation Study Project. Neurosurgery 38:1085-1093; discussion 1093-1095, 1996.

Carotid Endarterectomy

*1.  Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Study. JAMA, 273:1421-1428, 1995. 2.

2. Badner NH, Beattie WS, Freeman D, Spence JD: Nitrous oxide-induced increased homocysteine concentrations are associated with increased postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.Anesth Analg. 91:1073-9, 2000.

3. Cheng MA, Theard MA, Tempelhoff R: Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a survey. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:211-216, 1997.

4. Fiori L, Parenti G: Electrophysiological monitoring for selective shunting during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:168-173, 1995.

*5. Fiori L, Parenti G, Marconi F: Combined transcranial doppler and electrophysiologic monitoring for carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:11-16, 1997.

6.  Gross CE, Bednar MM, Lew SM, Florman JE, Kohut JJ: Preoperative volume expansion improves tolerance to carotid artery cross-clamping during endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 43:222-226; discussion 226-228, 1998.

7.  Hamdan AD, Pomposelli FB Jr, Gibbons GW, Campbell DR, LoGerfo FW: Perioperative strokes after 1001 consecutive carotid endarterectomy procedures without an electroencephalogram: incidence, mechanism, and recovery. Arch Surg 134:412-415, 1999.

+8. Haupt WF, Horsch S: Evoked potential monitoring in carotid surgery: a review of 994 cases. Neurology 42:835-838, 1992.

9.  Heyer EJ, Adams DC, Moses C, Quest DO, Connolly ES: Erroneous conclusion from processed electroencephalogram with changing anesthetic depth. Anesthesiology 92:603-607, 2000.

11. Lam AM, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, Nantau W: Monitoring electrophysiologic function during carotid endarterectomy: a comparison of somatosensory evoked potentials and conventional electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 75:15-21, 1991.

12. McCarthy RJ, Nasr MK, McAteer P, Horrocks M: Physiological advantages of cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthesia. A randomised clinical trial.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 24:215-21, 2002.

*13. Messick JJ, Casement B, Sharbrough FW, Milde LN, Michenfelder JD, Sundt TJ: Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with EEG changes during isoflurane anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: critical rCBF. Anesthesiology 66:344-349, 1987.

14. Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM, Fode N, Sharbrough FW: Isoflurane when compared to enflurane and halothane decreases the frequency of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 67:336-340, 1987.

*15. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 325:445-453, 1991.

16.  Pandit JJ, McLaren ID, Crider B: Efficacy and safety of the superficial cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy. Br J Anaesth 83:970-972, 1999.

*17.  Papavasiliou AK, Magnadottir HB, Gonda T, Franz D, Harbaugh RE: Clinical outcomes after carotid endarterectomy: comparison of the use of regional and general anesthetics. J Neurosurg 92:291-296, 2000.

18. Redekop G, Ferguson G: Correlation of contralateral stenosis and intraoperative electroencephalogram change with risk of stroke during carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 30:191-194, 1992.

19.  Sbarigia E, DarioVizza C, Antonini M, Speziale F, Maritti M, Fiorani B, Fedele F, Fiorani P: Locoregional versus general anesthesia in carotid surgery: is there an impact on perioperative myocardial ischemia? Results of a prospective monocentric randomized trial. J Vasc Surg 30:131-138, 1999.

20.  Self DD, Bryson GL, Sullivan PJ: Risk factors for post-carotid endarterectomy hematoma formation. Can J Anaesth 46:635-640, 1999.

*21.  Stoneham MD, Doyle AR, Knighton JD, Dorje P, Stanley JC: Prospective, randomized comparison of deep or superficial cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy surgery. Anesthesiology 89:907-912, 1998.

22. Tangkanakul C, Counsell C, Warlow C: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; CD000126, 2000.

24. Wilhelm W, Schlaich N, Harrer J, Kleinschmidt S, Muller M, Larsen R: Recovery and neurological examination after remifentanil-desflurane or fentanyl-desflurane anaesthesia for carotid artery surgery. Br J Anaesth. 86:44-9, 2001.

Epilepsy

1. Herrick IA, Craen RA, Gelb AW, Miller LA, Kubu CS, Girvin JP, Parrent AG, Eliasziw M, Kirkby J:  Propofol sedation during awake craniotomy for seizures: patient-controlled administration versus neurolept analgesia. Anesth Analg 84:1285-1291, 1997.

2. Herrick IA, Gelb AW: Anesthesia for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Can J Neurol Sci. 27 Suppl 1:S64-7, 2000.

*+3. Kofke WA, Tempelhoff R, Dasheiff RM: Anesthetic implications of epilepsy, status epilepticus, and epilepsy surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:349-372, 1997.

*4.  Manninen PH, Burke SJ, Wennberg R, Lozano AM, El Beheiry H: Intraoperative localization of an epileptogenic focus with alfentanil and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 88:1101-1106, 1999.

*+5. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R, White PF: Pro- and anticonvulsant effects of anesthetics (Part I). Anesth Analg 70:303-315, 1990.

*+6. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R, White PF: Pro- and anticonvulsant effects of anesthetics (Part II). Anesth Analg 70:433-444, 1990.

7.  Reuber M, Enright SM, Goulding PJ: Postoperative pseudostatus: not everything that shakes is epilepsy. Anaesthesia 55:74-78, 2000.

8. Sahjpaul RL: Awake craniotomy: controversies, indications and techniques in the surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy.Can J Neurol Sci 27 Suppl 1:S55-63; 2000.

9.  Watts AD, Herrick IA, McLachlan RS, Craen RA, Gelb AW: The effect of sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia on interictal spike activity among patients with refractory epilepsy. Anesth Analg 89:1275-1281, 1999.

10.  Yli-Hankala A, Vakkuri A, Sarkela M, Lindgren L, Korttila K, Jantti V: Epileptiform electroencephalogram during mask induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane. Anesthesiology 91:1596-1603, 1999.

Fluids

1.  Anand N, Idio FG Jr, Remer S, Hoppenfeld S: The effects of perioperative blood salvage and autologous blood donation on transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery. J Spinal Disord 11:532-534, 1998.

2.  Baumgardner JE, Baranov D, Smith DS, Zager EL: The effectiveness of rapidly infused intravenous fluids for inducing moderate hypothermia in neurosurgical patients. Anesth Analg 89:163-169, 1999.

3. Bulger EM, Nathens AB, Rivara FP, Moore M, MacKenzie EJ, Jurkovich GJ; The Brain Trauma Foundation: Management of severe head injury: institutional variations in care and effect on outcome.Crit Care Med. 2002 Aug;30(8):1870-6.

Coles JP, Minhas PS, Fryer TD, Smielewski P, Aigbirihio F, Donovan T, Downey SP, Williams G, Chatfield D, Matthews JC, Gupta AK, Carpenter TA, Clark JC, Pickard JD, Menon DKEffect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: clinical relevance and monitoring correlates.
Crit Care Med. 2002 Sep;30(9):1950-9.

*4. Fisher B, Thomas D, Peterson B: Hypertonic saline lowers raised intracranial pressure in children after head trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 4:4-10, 1992.

5.  Gemma M, Cozzi S, Tommasino C, Mungo M, Calvi MR, Cipriani A, Garancini MP: 7.5% hypertonic saline versus 20% mannitol during elective neurosurgical supratentorial procedures. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:329-334, 1997.

6. Jarvela K, Koobi T, Kauppinen P, Kaukinen S: Effects of hypertonic 75 mg/ml (7.5%) saline on extracellular water volume when used for preloading before spinal anaesthesia.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 45:776-81, 2001.

7. Jarvela K, Honkonen SE, Jarvela T, Koobi T, Kaukinen S:The comparison of hypertonic saline (7.5%) and normal saline (0.9%) for initial fluid administration before spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 91:1461-5, 2000.

8. McManus ML, Soriano SG: Rebound swelling of astroglial cells exposed to hypertonic mannitol. Anesthesiology. 88:1586-91, 1998.

9. Mirski AM, Denchev ID, Schnitzer SM, Hanley FD: Comparison between hypertonic saline and mannitol in the reduction of elevated intracranial pressure in a rodent model of acute cerebral injury.J Neurosurg Anesthesiol.12:334-44, 2000.

Head Injury

*+1. Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Choi SC, Newlon PG, Young HF: Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg 75:685-693, 1991.

2. Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Bandoh K. Marmarou A: Blood pressure and intracranial pressure-volume dynamics in severe head injury: relationship with cerebral blood flow. J Neurosurg 77:15-19, 1992.

*3. Eisenberg HM, Frankowski R, Contant CF, Marshall LF, Walker MD: High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 69:15-23, 1988.

4.  Harris OA, Colford JM Jr, Good MC, Matz PGThe role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol. 59:1077-83, 2002.

5. Holly LT, Kelly DF, Counelis GJ, Blinman T, McArthur DL, Cryer HGCervical spine trauma associated with moderate and severe head injury: incidence, risk factors, and injury characteristics.J Neurosurg. 96 (3 Suppl):285-91, 2002.

6. Marion DW, Leonov Y, Ginsberg M, Katz LM, Kochanek PM, Lechleuthner A, Nemoto EM, Obrist W, Safar P, Sterz F, Tisherman SA, White RJ, Xiao F, Zar H: Resuscitative hypothermia. Crit Care Med S81-S89, 1996.

7.  Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 336:540-546, 1997.

*8. Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, Kontos HA, Choi SC, Becker DP, Gruemer H, Young HF: Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 75:731-739, 1991.

9. Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, Baethmann A, Biegon A, Bracken MB, Bullock MR, Choi SC, Clifton GL, Contant CF, Coplin WM, Dietrich WD, Ghajar J, Grady SM, Grossman RG, Hall ED, Heetderks W, Hovda DA, Jallo J, Katz RL, Knoller N, Kochanek PM, Maas AI, Majde J, Marion DW, Marmarou A, Marshall LF, McIntosh TK, Miller E, Mohberg N, Muizelaar JP, Pitts LH, Quinn P, Riesenfeld G, Robertson CS, Strauss KI, Teasdale G, Temkin N, Tuma R, Wade C, Walker MD, Weinrich M, Whyte J, Wilberger J, Young AB, Yurkewicz LClinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma. May;19(5):503-57, 2002.

10. Oertel M, Kelly DF, Lee JH, McArthur DL, Glenn TC, Vespa P, Boscardin WJ, Hovda DA, Martin NAEfficacy of hyperventilation, blood pressure elevation, and metabolic suppression therapy in controlling intracranial pressure after head injury. J Neurosurg. 97:1045-53, 2002.

11. Polderman KH, Tjong Tjin Joe R, Peerdeman SM, Vandertop WP, Girbes AR: Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on intracranial pressure and outcome in patients with severe head injury. Intensive Care Med. 28:1563-73, 2002.

+12.  Reinert MM, Bullock R: Clinical trials in head injury. Neurol Res 21:330-338, 1999.

13.  Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH: Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg 83:949-962, 1995.

+14.  Rosomoff HL, Kochanek PM, Clark R, DeKosky ST, Ebmeyer U, Grenvik AN, Marion DW, Obrist W, Palmer AM, Safer P, White RJ: Resuscitation from severe brain trauma.Crit Care Med 24:S48-S56, 1996.

15. Shapira Y, Artru AA, Qassam N, Navot N, Vald U: Brain edema and neurologic status with rapid infusion of 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose after head trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:17-25, 1995.

16. Ter Minassian A, Dube L, Guilleux AM, Wehrmann N, Ursino M, Beydon LChanges in intracranial pressure and cerebral autoregulation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 30:1616-22, 2002.

Hypotension

1. Myers MA, Hamilton SR, Bogosian AJ, Smith CH, Wagner TAVisual loss as a complication of spine surgery. A review of 37 cases. Spine. 22):1325-9, 1997.

2. Katz DM, Trobe JD, Cornblath WT, Kline LB Ischemic optic neuropathy after lumbar spine surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 112:925-31, 1994.

+3. Ruta TS, Mutch WAC: Controlled hypotension for cerebral aneurysm surgery: are the risks worth the benefits. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 3:153-156, 1991.

4.  Shapira Y, Gurman G, Artru AA, Ousyscher IE, Lam AM, Kollender Y, Meller I: Combined hemodilution and hypotension monitored with jugular bulb oxygen saturation, EEG, and ECG decreases transfusion volume and length of ICU stay for major orthopedic surgery. J Clin Anesth 9:643-649, 1997.

Hypothermia

1.  Baumgardner JE, Baranov D, Smith DS, Zager EL: The effectiveness of rapidly infused intravenous fluids for inducing moderate hypothermia in neurosurgical patients. Anesth Analg 89:163-169, 1999.

2.  Hindman BJ, Todd MM, Gelb AW, Loftus CM, Craen RA, Schubert A, Mahla ME, Torner JC: Mild hypothermia as a protective therapy during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a randomized prospective pilot trial. Neurosurgery 44:23-33,1999.

+3. Kochs E: Electrophysiological monitoring and mild hypothermia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:222-228, 1995.

+4. Lanier WL: Cerebral metabolic rate and hypothermia: their relationship with ischemic neurologic injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:216-221, 1995.

5.  Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 336:540-546, 1997.

6.  Marion DW, Leonov Y, Ginsberg M, Katz LM, Kochanek PM, Lechleuthner A, Nemoto EM, Obrist W, Safar P, Sterz F, Tisherman SA, White RJ, Xiao F, Zar H: Resuscitative hypothermia. Crit Care Med S81-S89, 1996.

*7. Matsumoto M, Iida Y, Sakabe T, Sano T, Ishikawa T, Nakakimura K: Mild and moderate hypothermia provide better protection than a burst-suppression dose of thiopental against ischemic spinal cordinjury in rabbits. Anesthesiology 86:1120-1127, 1997.

*8. Nakashima K, Todd MM, Warner DS: Relation between cerebral metabolic rate and ischemic depolarization. A comparison of the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane. Anesthesiology 82:1199-1208, 1995.

9. Nara I, Shiogai T, Hara M, Saito I: Comparative effects of hypothermia, barbiturate, and osmotherapy for cerebral oxygen metabolism, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with severe head injury. Acta Neurochir  (Wien) 71:S22-S26,1998.

+10. Schubert A: Side effects of mild hypothermia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:139-147, 1995.

+11. Sessler DI: Deliberate mild hypothermia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:38-46, 1995.

12. Stone JG, Young WL, Smith CR, Solomon RA, Wald A, Ostapkovich N: Do standard monitoring sites reflect true brain temperature when profound hypothermia is rapidly induced and reversed? Anesthesiology 82:344-351, 1995.

*13. Verhaegen M, Iaizzo PA, Todd MM: Comparison of the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane on cerebral energy stores at the time of ischemic depolarization. Anesthesiology 82:1209-1215, 1995.

+14. Zornow MH: Inhibition of glutamate release: a possible mechanism of hypothermic neuroprotection. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:148-151, 1995.

Intracranial Pressure

1. DeLima LG: Cerebrovascular autoregulation may be the probable mechanism responsible for fentanyl- and sufentanil-induced increases in intracranial pressure in patients with head trauma. Anesthesiology 79:186-187, 1993.

*2. Dexter F, Reasoner DK: Theoretical assessment of normobaric oxygent therapy to treat pneumocephalus: recommendations for dose and duration of treatment. Anesthesiology 84:442-447, 1996.

3. Domino KB, Hemstad JR, Lam AM, Laohaprasit V, Mayberg TA, Harrison SD, Grady MS, Winn HR: Effect of nitrous oxide on intracranial pressure after cranial-dural closure in patients undergoing craniotomy. Anesthesiology 77:421-425, 1992.

4. Hamid RK, Newfield P: Pediatric neuroanesthesia. Hydrocephalus. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 19:207-18, 2001.

Ischemia

+1. Cottrell JE: Possible mechanisms of pharmacological neuronal protection. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:31-37, 1995.

2. Hoffman WE, Wheeler P, Edelman G, Charbel FT, Torres NJ, Ausman JI: Hypoxic brain tissue following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Anesthesiology. 92:442-6, 2000.

3. Karlsson BR, Steen PA: Barbiturates for global and focal ischemia. J Neurosurg Anesth 1:278-283, 1989.

4. Kirsch JR, Traystman RJ, Hurn PD: Anesthetics and cerebroprotection: experimental aspects. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 34:73-93, 1996.

5. Kim J, Gelb AW: Predicting perioperative stroke. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:211-215, 1995.

+6. Milde LN: Clinical use of mild hypothermia for brain protection: a dream revisited. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 4:211-215, 1992.

7. Sano T, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Grafe MR, Watson JC, Cole DJ: A comparison of the cerebral protective effects of isoflurane and mild hypothermia in a rat model of incomplete forebrain ischemia. Anesthesiology 76:221-228, 1992.

+8. Schubert A: Should mild hypothermia be routinely used for human cerebral protection? The flip side. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:216-220, 1992.

*+9. Siesjö BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II: Mechanisms of damage and treatment. J Neurosurg 77:337-354, 1992.

*+10. Siesjö BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 77:169-184, 1992.

+11. Todd MM, Warner DS: A comfortable hypothesis re-evaluated: cerebral metabolic depression and brain protection during ischemia. Anesthesiology 76:161-164, 1992.

11. Warner DS, McFarlane C, Todd MM, Ludwig P, McAllister AM: Sevoflurane and halothane reduce focal ischemic brain damage in the rat. Anesthesiology 79:985-992, 1993.

Monitoring

+1. Adams DC, Heyer EJ, Emerson RG, Moeller JR, Spotnitz HM: Reliability of quantitative electroencephalography as an indicator of cerebral ischemia. Anesth Analg 81:80-83, 1995.

2. Brull SJ, Silverman DG: Pulse width, stimulus intensity, electrode placement, and polarity during assessment of neuromuscular block. Anesthesiology 83:702-709, 1995.

3.  Cedzich C, Pechstein U, Schramm J, Schafer S: Electrophysiological considerations regarding electrical stimulation of motor cortex and brain stem in humans. Neurosurgery 42:527-532, 1998.

4. Gunn HC, Matta BF, Lam AM, Mayberg TS: Accuracy of continuous jugular bulb venous oximetry during intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:174-177, 1995.

5. Muzzi DA, Losasso TJ, Black S, Nishimura R: Comparison of a transesophageal and precordial ultrasonic doppler sensor in the detection of venous air embolism. Anesth Analg 70:103-104, 1990.

6. Pathak KS, Ammadio M, Kalamchi A, Scoles PV, Shaffer JW, Mackay W: Effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on somatosensory evoked potentials during nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 66:753-757, 1987.

7. Procaccio F, Polo A, Lanteri P, Sala F: Electrophysiologic monitoring in neurointensive care. Curr Opin Crit Care. 7:74-80, 2001.

8. Peterson DO, Drummond JC, Todd MM: Effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane,and nitrous oxide on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Anesthesiology 65:35-40, 1986.

Neuroradiology

1.  Debrun GM, Aletich VA, Thornton J, Alazzaz A, Charbel FT, Ausman JI, Bashir Q: Techniques of coiling cerebral aneurysms. Surg Neurol 53:150?156, 2000.

2. Lai YC, Manninen PH: Anesthesia for cerebral aneurysms: a comparison between interventional neuroradiology and surgery. Can J Anaesth. 48:391-5, 2001.

+3.  Luginbuhl M, Remonda L: Interventional neuroradiology. Recent developments and anaesthesiologic aspects. Minerva Anestesiol 65:445-454, 1999.

4. Manninen PH, Gignac EM, Gelb AW, Lownie SPAnesthesia for interventional neuroradiology. J Clin Anesth. 7:448-52, 1995.

5. Patteson SK, Chesney JT: Anesthetic management for magnetic resonance imaging: problems and solutions. Anesth Analg 74:121-128, 1992.

+6. Young WL, Pile SJ: Anesthetic considerations for interventional neuroradiology. Anesthesiology 80:427-456, 1994.

Sitting Position

1. Black S, Muzzi DA, Nishimura RA, Cucchiara R: Preoperative and intraoperative echocardiography to detect right-to-left shunt in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 72:436-438, 1990.

2. Hanna PG, Gravenstein N, Pashayan AG: In vitro comparison of central venous catheters for aspiration of venous air embolism: effect of catheter type, catheter tip position and cardiac inclination. J Clin Anesth 3:290-294, 1991.

3. Losasso TJ, Black S, Muzzi DA, Michenfelder JD, Cucchiara R: Detection and hemodynamic consequences of venous air embolism. Does nitrous oxide make a difference? Anesthesiology 77:148-152, 1992.

4. Matjasko J, Petrozza P, Cohen M, Steinberg P: Anesthesia and surgery in the seated position: analysis of 554 cases. Neurosurgery 17:695-702, 1985.

5. Perkins NA, Bedford R: Hemodynamic consequences of PEEP in seated neurological patients-implications for paradoxical air embolism. Anesth Analg 63:429-432, 1984.

6. Porter JM, Pidgeon C, Cunningham AJ: The sitting position in neurosurgery: a critical appraisal.Br J Anaesth. 82:117-28, 1999.

7. Young ML, Smith DS, Murtagh F, Vasquez A, Levitt J: Comparison of surgical and anesthetic complications in neurosurgical patients experiencing venous air embolism in the sitting position. Neurosurgery. 18:157-61, 1986.

Spine

1. Hastings RH, Vigil AC, Hanna R, Yang BY, Sartoris DJ: Cervical spine movement during laryngoscopy with the Bullard, Macintosh, and Miller laryngoscopes. Anesthesiology 82:859-869, 1995.

2. Nagle KJ, Emerson RG, Adams DC, Heyer EJ, Roye DP, Schwab FJ, Weidenbaum M, McCormick P, Pile-Spellman J, Stein BM, Farcy JP, Gallo EJ, Dowling KC, Turner CA: Intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials: a review of 116 cases. Neurology. 47:999-1004, 1996.

3. Reasoner DK, Warner DS, Todd MM, Hunt SW, Kirchner J: Comparison of anesthetic techniques for awake intubation in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:94-99, 1995.