Compiled by Karen B. Domino, M.D., M.P.H.
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

General/Therapy

1. Baigelman W, O'Brien JC: Pulmonary effects of head trauma. Neurosurgery 9:729-740, 1981.

2. Brambrink AM, Tzanova I:  Neurogenic pulmonary oedema after generalized epileptic seizure.  Eur J Emerg Med 5:59-66, 1998.

3. Bratton SL, Davis RL: Acute lung injury in isolated traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 40:707-712, 1997.

4. Bruade N, Lundgrove T: Neurogenic pulmonary oedema precipitated by induction of anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 62:101-103, 1989.

5. Brown RH, Beyerl BD, Iseke R, Lavyne MH: Medulla oblongata edema associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema. Case Report. J Neurosurg 64:494-500, 1986.

6. Carlson RW, Shaeffer RC, Michaels SG, Weil MH: Pulmonary edema following intracranial hemorrhage. Chest 75:731-734, 1979.

7. Ciongoli AK, Poser CM: Pulmonary edema secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 22:867-870, 1972.

8. Colice GL: Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Clin Chest Med 6:473-489, 1985.

9. Cooper KR, Boswell PA: Reduced functional residual capacity and abnormal oxygenation in patients with severe head injury. Chest 84:29-35, 1983.

10. Crawley F, Saddeh I, Barker S, Katifi H: Acute pulmonary oedema: presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 7(1):71-2, 2001.

11. Crone KR, Lee KS, Kelly DL: Correlation of admission fibrin degradation products with outcome and respiratory failure in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 21:532-536, 1987.

12. Dettbarn CL, Davidson LJ: Pulmonary complications in the patient with acute head injury: neurogenic pulmonary edema. Heart Lung 18:583-589, 1989.

13. D’Souza R, Kerr F: Neurogenic pulmonary oedema induced by bacterial meningitis: a case report. Scott Med J 46(4):115-6, 2001.

14. Epstein FM, Cooper KR, Ward JD: Profound pulmonary shunting without edema following sterotaxic biopsy of hypothalmic germinoma. J Neurosurg 68:303-307, 1988.

15. Findler G, Cotev S: Neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with a colloid cyst in the third ventricle. J Neurosurg 52:395-398, 1980.

16. Fisher A, Aboul-Nasr HT: Delayed non-fatal pulmonary edema following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 51:856-859, 1979.

17. Gentiloni N, Schiavino D, Della Corte F, Ricci E, Colosimo C: Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a presenting symptom in multiple sclerosis. Ital J Neurol Sci 13:435-438, 1992.

18. Gupta YK, Chugh A, Kacker V, Mehta VS, Tandon PN:  Development of neurogenic pulmonary edema at different grades of intracranial pressure in cats.  Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 42:71-80, 1998.

19. Inobe JJ, Mori T, Ueyama H, Kumamoto T, Tsuda T:  Neurogenic pulmonary edema induced by primary medullary hemorrhage: a case report.  J Neurol Sci 172:73-6, 2000.

20. Keegan MT, Lanier WL: Pulmonary edema after resection of a fourth ventricle tumor: possible evidence for a medulla-mediated mechanism.  Mayo Clin Proc 74:264-8, 1999.

21. Knudsen F, Jensen HP, Peterson PL: Neurogenic pulmonary edema: treatment with dobutamine. Neurosurgery 29:269-270, 1991.

22. Li C, Gefter WB: Acute pulmonary edema induced by overdosage of phenothiazines. Chest 101:102-104, 1992.

+23. Macmillan CS, Grant IS, Andrews PJ: Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management? Intensive Care Med 28(8):1012-23, 2002.  

24. Mayor SA, Fink ME, Homma S, Sherman D, LiMandri G, Lennihan L, Solomon RA, Klebanoff LM, Beckford A, Raps EC: Cardiac injury associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 44:815-820, 1994.

+25. Pender ES, Pollock CV Jr: Neurogenic pulmonary edema: case reports and review. J Emerg Med 10:45-51, 1992.

26. Quader K, Manninen PH, Lai JK: Pulmonary edema in the neuroradiology suite: a diagnostic dilemma. Can J Anaesth 48(3):308-12, 2001.

27. Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Trevisani GT, Davis JW, Mackersie RC, Hoyt DB: Neurogenic pulmonary edema in fatal and nonfatal head injuries. J Trauma 39:860-866, (Discussion: p 866-868), 1995.

28. Rubin DM, McMillan CO, Helfaer MA, Christian CW: Pulmonary edema associated with child abuse: case reports and review of the literature. Pediatrics  108(3):769-75, 2001.

29. Schell AR, Shenoy MM, Friedman SA, Patel AR: Pulmonary edema associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med 147:591-592, 1987.

30. Terrence CF, Rao GR, Perper JA: Neurogenic pulmonary edema in unexpected, unexplained death of epileptic patients. Ann Neurol 9:458-464, 1981.

31. Thompson WM, Ell SR: Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a review of the literature and a perspective. Invest Radiol 26:499-506, 1991.

32. Touho H, Karasawa J, Shishido H, Yamada K, Yamazaki Y: Neurogenic pulmonary edema in the acute state of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease. Neurosurgery 25:762-768, 1989.

33. Wagle VG, Hall A, Voytek T, Silberstein H, Uphoff DF: Aqueductal (pencil) glioma presenting as neurogenic pulmonary edema: a case report. Surg Neurol 34:435-438, 1990.

34. Weir BK: Pulmonary edema following fatal aneurysm rupture. J Neurosurg 49:502-507, 1978.

35. Wright RS, Feuerman T, Brown J: Neurogenic pulmonary edema after trigeminal nerve blockade. Chest 96:436-438, 1989.

Pathophysiology

1. Bosso FJ, Lang SA, Maron MD: Role of hemodynamics and vagus nerves in the development of fibrin-induced pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 69:2227-2232, 1990.

2. Chen HI, Wang DJ: Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic responses to intracranial hypertension. Am J Physiol 247:H715-H721, 1984.

*3. Chen HI: Hemodynamic mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Biol Signals 4:186-192, 1995.

4. Hall SR, Wang L, Milne B, Ford S, Hong M: Intrathecal lidocaine prevents cardiovascular collapse and neurogenic pulmonary edema in a rat model of acute intracranial hypertension. Anesth Analg 94(4):948-53, 2002.

5. Hamdy O, Maekawa H, Shimada Y, Feng GG, Ishikawa N: Role of central nervous system nitric oxide in the development of neurogenic pulmonary edema in rats. Crit Care Med 29(6):1222-8, 2001.

6. Hamdy O, Nishiwaki K, Yajima M, Murakami HO, Maekawa H, Moy RT, Shimada Y, Hotta Y, Ishikawa N: Presence and quantification of neuropeptide Y in pulmonary edema fluids in rats. Exp Lung Res 26(3):137-47, 2000.

7. Hashiba Y, Ishikawa N, Sumita T, Takagi K, Hidaka H, Satake T: Capsaicin-sensitive nerves exert an inhibitory effect on the development of fibrin-induced pulmonary edema in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:652-658, 1989.

8. Hirabayashi A, Nishiwaki K, Shimada Y, Ishikawa N: Role of neuropeptide Y and its receptor subtypes in neurogenic pulmonary edema. Eur J Pharmocol 296:297-305, 1996.

9. Johnston SC, Darragh TM, Simon RP: Postictal pulmonary edema requires pulmonary vascular pressure increases. Epilepsia 37:428-432, 1996.

10. Kowalski ML, Didier A, Kaliner MA: Neurogenic inflammation in the airways. Neurogenic stimulation induces plasma protein extravasation into the rat airway lumen. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:101-109, 1989.

11. Kreisman NR, Hodin RA, Brizzee BL, Rosenthal M, Sick TJ, Busto R, Ginsberg MD: Seizure-associated pulmonary edema and cerebral oxygenation in the rat. J Appl Physiol 62:658-667, 1987.

12. Lane SM, Maender KC, Awender NE, Maron MB:  Adrenal epinephrine increases alveolar liquid clearance in a canine model of neurogenic pulmonary edema.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:760-768, 1998.

13. Levasseur JE, Patterson JL Jr, Garcia CI, Moskowitz MA, Choi SC, Kontos HA: Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on neurogenic pulmonary edema from fluid percussion brain injury in the adult rat. J Neurosurg 78:610-618, 1993.

+14. Malik AB: Mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Circ Res 57:1-18, 1985.

15. Maron MB: A canine model of neurogenic pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 59:1019-1025, 1985.

16. Maron MB: Analysis of airway fluid protein concentration in neurogenic pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 62:470-476, 1987.

17. Maron MB:  Dose-response relationship between plasma epinephrine concentration and alveolar liquid clearance in dogs.  J Appl Physiol 85:1702-1707, 1998.

18. Maron MB: Effect of elevated vascular pressure transients on protein permeability in the lung. J Appl Physiol 67:305-310, 1989.

19. Maron MB: Pulmonary vasoconstriction in a canine model of neurogenic pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 68:912-918, 1990.

20. Maron MB, Dawson CA: Adrenal component to pulmonary hypertension induced by elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. J Appl Physiol 47:153-160, 1979.

21. Maron MB, Dawson CA: Pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the dog. J Appl Physiol 49:73-78, 1980.

22. Maron MB, Holcomb PH, Dawson CA, Rickaby DA, Clough AV, Linehan JH: Edema development and recovery in neurogenic pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 77:1155-1163, 1994.

23. McClellan MD, Dauber IM, Weil JV: Elevated intracranial pressure increases pulmonary vascular permeability to protein. J Appl Physiol 67:1185-1191, 1989.

24. Mesquita MB, Moraes-Santos T, Moraes MF: Phenobarbital blocks the lung edema induced by centrally injected tityustoxin in adult Wistar rats.
Neurosci Lett 31;332(2):119-22, 2002.

25. Minnear FL, Kite C, Hill LA, Van der Zee H: Endothelial injury and pulmonary congestion characterize neurogenic pulmonary edema in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 63:335-341, 1987.

26. Poulat P, Couture R:  Increased pulmonary vascular permeability and induced by intrathecally injected endothelins in rat.  Eur J Pharmacol 344:251-259, 1998.

+27. Simon RP: Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Neurol Clinics 11:309-323, 1993.

28. Smith WS, Matthay MA: Evidence for a hydrostatic mechanism in human neurogenic pulmonary edema. Chest 111:1326-1333, 1997.
 

29. Walder B, Brundler MA, Totsch M, Elia N, Morel DR: Influence of the type and rate of subarachnoid fluid infusion on lethal neurogenic pulmonary edema in rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14(3):194-203, 2002.