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Cardene I.V.

 

PEDIATRIC NEUROANESTHESIA

 

Compiled by John Rose, M.D., and Mark Helfaer, M.D.
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Anesthesia

1.Aono J, Ueda W, Mamiya K, Takimoto E, Manabe M: Greater incidence of delirium during recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in preschool boys. Anesthesiology 87:1298-300, 1997.

2. Bauman GS, Brett CM, Ciricillo SF, Larson DA, Sneed P, Staplers LJ, Edwards M, Wara WM: Anesthesia for pediatric stereotactic radiosurgery. Anesthesiology 89:255-7, 1998.

3. Berkenbosch JW, Lam J, Burd RS, Tobias JD: Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in older children: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. Anesth Analg 92:1427-1431, 2001.

4. Berkowitz RA, Hoffman WE, Cunningham F, McDonald T: Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in children during sevoflurane and halothane anesthesia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 8:194-198, 1996.

5. Blanco D, Llamazares J, Rincon R, Ortiz M, Vidal F: Thoracic epidural anesthesia via the lumbar approach in infants and children. Anesthesiology 84:1312-1316, 1996.

6. Blanco D, Mazo V, Ortiz M, Fernandez-Llamazares J, Vidal F: Spread of local anesthetic into the epidural caudal space for two rates of injection in children. Reg Anesth 21:442-445, 1996.

7. Bourlon-Figuet S, Dubousset AM, Benhamou D, Mazoit JX: Transient neurologic symptoms after epidural analgesia in a five-year-old child. Anesth Analg 91:856-857, 2000.

8. Casta A, Quackenbush EJ, Houck CS, Korson MS: Perioperative white matter degeneration and death in a patient with a defect in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Anesthesiology 87:420-5, 1997.

9. Chan MT, Gin T, Poon WS: Propofol requirement is decreased in patients with large supratentorial brain tumor. Anesthesiology 90:1571-6, 1999.

10. Dahl V, Raeder JC, Erno PE, Kovdal A: Pre-emptive effect of pre-incisional versus post-incisional infiltration of local anaesthesia on children undergoing hernioplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:847-851, 1996.

11. Dahmani S, Orliaguet GA, Meyer PG, Blanot S, Renier D, Carli PA: Perioperative blood salvage during surgical correction of craniosynostosis in infants. Br J Anaesth 85:550-555, 2000.

12. Davis L, Ross N: Bilateral vocal cord palsy after ventricular drainage in a child. Anesth Analg 92:358-361, 2001.

13. Degoute CS, Macabeo C, Dubreuil C, Duclaux R, Banssillon V: EEG bispectral index and hypnotic component of anaesthesia induced by sevoflurane: comparison between children and adults. Br J Anaesth 86:209-212, 2001.

14. Fuchs-Buder T, Tassonyi E: Intubating conditions and time course of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block in children. Br J Anaesth 77:335-338, 1996.

15. Ghaly RF, Lee JJ, Ham JH, Stone JL, George S, Raceforte P: Etomidate dose-response on somatosensory and transcranial magnetic induced spinal motor evoked potentials in primates. Neurol Res 21:714-20, 1999.

16. Giaufre E, Dalens B, Gombert A: Epidemiology and morbidity of regional anesthesia in children: a one-year prospective survey of the French-Language Society of Pediatric Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 83:904-912, 1996.

17. Goobie SM, Soriano SG, Zurakowski D, McGowan FX, Rockoff MA: Hemostatic changes in pediatric neurosurgical patients as evaluated by thrombelastograph. Anesth Analg 93:887-892, 2001.

18. Goodarzi M: The effect of perioperative and postoperative caudal block on pain control in children. Paediatr Anaesth 6:475-477, 1996.

19. Grady RE, Horlocker TT, Brown RD, Maxson PM, Schroeder DR: Neurologic complications after placement of cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters and needles in anesthetized patients: implications for regional anesthesia. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group. Anesth Analg 88:388-92, 1999.

20. Hays SR, Schwengel DA: Transient hypotension as a complication of monitoring transcervical motor evoked potentials. Anesthesiology 90:314-7, 1999.

21. Himmelseher S, Pfenninger E, Werner C: Intraoperative monitoring in neuroanesthesia: a national comparison between two surveys in Germany in 1991 and 1997. Scientific Neuroanesthesia Research Group of the German Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine. Anesth Analg 92:166-171, 2001.

*22. Ho JW, Khambatta HJ, Pang LM, Siegfried RN, Sun LS: Preemptive analgesia in children. Does it exist? Reg Anesth 22:125-130, 1997.

23. Hormann C, Kolbitsch C, Benzer A: The role of sevoflurane in neuroanesthesia practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 111:148-50, 1997.

24. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Wang SM, Hofstadter MB: Postoperative behavioral outcomes in children: effects of sedative premedication. Anesthesiology 90:758-65, 1999.

25. Kaups KL, Parks SN, Morris CL: Intracranial pressure monitor placement by midlevel practitioners. J Trauma 45:884-6, 1998.

26. Keyes MA, Van de Wiele BV, Stead SW: Mitochondrial myopathies: an unusual cause of hypotonia in infants and children. Paediatr Anaesth 6:329-335, 1996.

*27. Khine HH, Corddry DH, Kettrick RG, Martin TM, McCloskey JJ, Rose JB, Theroux MC, Zagnoev M: Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in young children during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:627-31; discussion 27A, 1997.

28. Kotiniemi LH, Ryhanen PT: Behavioural changes and children's memories after intravenous, inhalation and rectal induction of anaesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 6:201-207, 1996.

29. Kulkarni P, Brown KA: Ventilatory parameters in children during propofol anaesthesia: a comparison with halothane. Can J Anaesth 43:653-659, 1996.

30. Lancon JA, Killough KR, Dhillon G, Parent AD: Interventional magnetic resonance imaging guided aspiration and biopsy of a cystic midbrain tumor. Pediatr Neurosurg 30:151-6, 1999.

31. Lannes M, Desparmet JF, Zifkin BG: Generalized seizures associated with nitrous oxide in an infant. Anesthesiology 87:705-8, 1997.

32. Larach MG, Rosenberg H, Gronert GA, Allen GC: Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest during anesthesia in infants and children with occult myopathies. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 36:9-16, 1997.

33. LeBlanc JG, Blackstock D, Macnab AJ, Gagnon F, Gagnon R, Russel J, Ring T: Effects of propofol on cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Can J Anaesth 47:1082-1089, 2000.

34. Levine MF, Sarner J, Lerman J, Davis P, Sikich N, Maloney K, Motoyama E, Cook DR: Plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Anesthesiology 84:348-353, 1996.
 

35. Luz G, Innerhofer P, Bachmann B, Frischhut B, Menardi G, Benzer A: Bupivacaine plasma concentrations during continuous epidural anesthesia in infants and children. Anesth Analg 82:231-234, 1996.

36. McManus ML, Soriano SG: Rebound swelling of astroglial cells exposed to hypertonic mannitol. Anesthesiology 88:1586-91, 1998.

37. McNeely JK, Buczulinski B, Rosner DR: Severe neurological impairment in an infant after nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 93:1549-50, 2000.

38. Meyer PG, Orliaguet GA, Zerah M, Charron B, Jarreau MM, Brunelle F, Laurent-Vannier A, Carli PA. Emergency management of deeply comatose children with acute rupture of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Can J Anaesth 47:758-66, 2000.

39. Monkhoff M, Schwarz U, Gerber A, Fanconi S, Banziger O: The effects of sevoflurane and halothane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow velocity in children. Anesth Analg 92:891-896, 2001.

40. Morray JP, Geiduschek JM, Ramamoorthy C, Haberkern CM, Hackel A, Caplan RA, Domino KB, Posner K, Cheney FW: Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: initial findings of the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry. Anesthesiology 93:6-14, 2000.

41. Nakajima Y, Moriwaki G, Ikeda K, Fujise Y: The effects of sevoflurane on recovery of brain energy metabolism after cerebral ischemia in the rat: a comparison with isoflurane and halothane. Anesth Analg 85:593-9, 1997.

42. Neuvonen PT, van den Berg AA: Postoperative coma in a child with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency. Anesth Analg 92:646-647, 2001.

43. Nicolato A, Gerosa M, Ferraresi P, Piovan E, Pasoli A, Perini S, Mazza C: Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations in childhood. J Neurosurg Sci 41:359-71, 1997.

44. O’Brien JJ, Butterworth J, Hammon JW, Morris KJ, Phipps JM, Stump DA: Cerebral emboli during cardiac surgery in children. Anesthesiology 87:1063-9, 1997.

45. Polinsky MN, Geer CP, Ross DA: Stereotaxy reduces cost of brain tumor resection. Surg Neurol 48:542-50; discussion 550-1, 1997.

46. Porri F, Pradal M, Lemiere C, Birnbaum J, Mege JL, Lanteaume A, Charpin D, Vervloet Dcamboulives J: Association between latex sensitization and repeated latex exposure in children. Anesthesiology 86:599-602, 1997.

47. Reber A, Wetzel SG, Schnabel K, Bongartz G, Frei FJ: Effect of combined mouth closure and chin lift on upper airway dimensions during routine magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients sedated with propofol. Anesthesiology 90:1617-23, 1999.

48. Redl G: Massive pyramidal tract signs after endotracheal intubation: a case report of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenital. Anesthesiology 89:1262-4, 1998.

49. Ririe DG, Shapiro F, Sethna NF: The response of patients with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy to neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium. Anesthesiology 88:351-4, 1998.

50. Ross AK, Davis PJ, Dear G deL, Ginsberg B, McGowan FX, Stiller RD, Henson LG, Huffman C, Muir KT. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. Anesth Analg 93:1393-1401, 2001.

51. Safar P: From control of airway and breathing to cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. 1958 [classical article]. Anesthesiology 95:789-91, 2001.

52. Sato K, Shirane R, Kato M, Yoshimoto T: Effect of inhalational anesthesia on cerebral circulation in Moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11:25-30, 1999.

53. Scheiber G, Ribeiro FC, Karpienski H, Strehl K: Deep sedation with propofol in preschool children undergoing radiation therapy. Paediatr Anaesth 6:209-213, 1996.

54. Schroter J, Motsch J, Hufnagel AR, Bach A, Martin E: Recovery of psychomotor function following general anaesthesia in children: a comparison of propofol and thiopentone/halothane. Paediatr Anaesth 6:317-324, 1996.

55. Shenkman Z, Sheffer O, Erez I, Litmanovitc I, Jedeikin R: Spinal anesthesia for gastrostomy in an infant with nemaline myopathy. Anesth Analg 91:858-859, 2000.

56. Simma B, Burger R, Falk M, Sacher P, Torresani T, Fanconi S: The release of antidiuretic hormone is appropriate in response to hypovolemia and/or sodium administration in children with severe head injury: a trial of lactated Ringer's solution versus hypertonic saline. Anesth Analg 92:641-645, 2001.

57. Soriano SG, Sullivan LJ, Venkatakrishnan K, Greenblatt DJ, Martyn JA: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium in children receiving phenytoin or carbamazepine for chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Br J Anaesth 86:223-229, 2001.

58. Sullivan KJ, Berman LS, Koska J, Goodwin SR, Setzer N, White SE, Graves SA, Nall AV: Intramuscular atropine sulfate in children: comparison of injection sites. Anesth Analg 84:54-58, 1997.

59. Sury MR, Black A, Hemington L, Howard R, Hatch DJ, Mackersie A: A comparison of the recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and halothane in children. Anesthesia 51:543-546, 1996.

60. Swan HD, Crawford MW, Pua HL, Stephens D, Lerman J: Additive contribution of nitrous oxide to sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration for tracheal intubation in children. Anesthesiology 91:667-71, 1999.

61. Taguchi N, Nishikawa T, Inomata S, Taguchi M, Yamashita S, Naito H: Hemodynamic effects of intravenous ephedrine in infants and children anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 82:568-573, 1996.

62. Tobias JD, Johnson JO, Jimenez DF, Barone CM, McBride DS Jr: Venous air embolism during endoscopic strip craniectomy for repair of craniosynostosis in infants. Anesthesiology 95:340-342, 2001.

*63. Van de Wiele BM, Staudt LA, Rubinstien EH, Nuwer M, Peacock WJ: Perioperative complications in children undergoing selective posterior rhizotomy: a review of 105 cases. Paediatr Anaesth 6:479-486, 1996.

64. Vavilala MS, Roberts JS, Moore AE, Newell DW, Lam AM: The influence of inhaled nitric oxide on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in a child with traumatic brain injury. Anesth Analg 93:351-353, 2001.

65. Wee LH, Lam F, Cranston AJ: The incidence of post dural puncture headache in children. Anaesthesia 51:1164-1166, 1996.

66. Woodforth IJ, Hicks RG, Crawford MR, Stephen JP, Burke DJ: Electroencephalographic evidence of seizure activity under deep sevoflurane anesthesia in a nonepileptic patient. Anesthesiology 87:1579-82, 1997.

67. Yoshida YK, Shirane R, Yoshimoto T: Non-anastomotic bypass surgery for childhood moyamoya disease using dural pedicle insertion over the brain surface combined with encephalogaleomyosynangiosis. Surg Neurol 51:404-11, 1999.

68. Young AE, Brown PN, Zorab JS: Anesthesia for children and infants undergoing magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 13:400-403, 1996.

Critical Care

1. Abbate B, Donati P, Cagnoni G: Head injuries in children. Considerations on 3,715 consecutive cases. Minerva Pediatr 52:623-628, 2000.

2. Anand KJ, Hopkins SE, Wright JA, Ricketts RR, Flanders WD: Statistical models to predict the need for postoperative intensive care and hospitalization in pediatric surgical patients. Intensive Care Med 27:873-883, 2001.

3. Anonymous: Consesus report for regionalization of services for critically ill or injured children. Council of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 28:236-9, 2000.  

4. Anonymous: Guidelines for advanced training for physicians in critical care. American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. 25:1601-7, 1997.
 

5. Anonymous: Guidelines for developing admission and discharge policies for the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatric Section Task Force on Admission and Discharge Criteria, Society of Critical Care Medicine in conjunction with the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Committee on Hospital Care of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Crit Care Med 27:843-5, 1999.

6. Anonymous: Injectionable valproate: experiences in neurology pediatrics and psychiatry. Workshop at Hamburg, 8 November 1997. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 33 (2 Suppl Anasthesio):1-6, 1998.
 

7. Anonymous: The management of minor closed head injury in children. Committee on Quality Improvement, American Academy of Pediatrics. Commission on Clinical Policies and Research, American Academy of Family Physicians. Pediatrics 104:1407-15, 1999.
 

8. Bowen KA, Marshall WN Jr: Pediatric death certification. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152:852-4, 1998.
 

9. Burns JP, Truog RD: Ethical controversies in pediatric critical care. New Horiz 5:72-84, 1997.

10. Brimioulle S, Moraine JJ, Norrenberg D, Kahn RJ: Effects of positioning and exercise on intracranial pressure in a neurosurgical intensive care unit. Phys Ther 77:1682-1689, 1997.

11. Butler WE, Piaggio CM, Constantinou C, Niklason L, Gonzalez RG, Cosgrove GR, Zervas NT: A mobile computed tomographic scanner with intraoperative and intensive care unit applications. Neurosurgery 42:1304-1311, 1998.

12. Campbell J, Bell-Scott W, Boehm A, Schlichting D: Unique solutions in pediatric critical care. Pediatr Nurs 27:483-485, 489-491, 2001.

13. Cantagrel S, Ducrocq S. Chedeville G, Marchand S: Mortality in a pediatric hospital. Six-year retrospective study. Arch Pediatr 7:725-731, 2000.

14. Carlotti AP, Bohn D, Rutka JT, Singh S, Berry WA, Sharman A, Cusimano M, Halperin ML: A method to estimate urinary electrolyte excretion in patients at risk for developing cerebral salt wasting. J Neurosurg 95:420-424, 2001.

15. Chiaretti A, Viola L, Pietrini D, Piastra M, Savioli A, Tortorolo L, Caldarelli M, Stoppa F, Di Rocco C: Preemptive analgesia with tramadol and fentanyl in pediatric neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst 16:93-100, 2000.

16. Cullen EJ, Lawless ST, Nadkarni VM, McCloskey JJ, Corddry DH, Kettrick RG: Evaluation of a pediatric intensive care residency curriculum. Crit Care Med 25:1898-903, 1997.

17. Delametter GL: Advanced practice nursing and the role of the pediatric critical care nurse practitioner. Crit Care Nurs Q 21:16-21, 1999.

18. Dettenkofer M, Ebner W, Hans FJ, Forster D, Babikir R, Zentner J, Pelz K, Daschner FD: Nosocomial infections in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. Acta Neurochir 141:1303-1308, 1999.

19. Easley RB, Cooperstock MS, Tobias JD: Cat-scratch disease causing status epilepticus in children. South Med J 92:73-6, 1999.

20. Gregg TL: Pediatric pain management in an adult critical care unit. Crit Care Nurs Q 21:42-54; quiz 87-9, 1998.

21. Hadani M, Bruk B, Ram Z, Knoller N, Spiegelmann R, Segal E: Application of transcranial doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of brain death.  Intensive Care Med 25:822-828, 1999.

22. Hadfield RJ, Parr MJ, Manara AR: Late deaths in multiple trauma patients receiving intensive care. Resuscitation 49:279-281, 2001.

23. Harrison AM, Lugo RA, Schunk JE: Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus with propofol: case report. Pediatr Emerg Care 13:420-2, 1997.

24. Hammer GB, Krane EJ: Perioperative care of the neurosurgical pediatric patient. Int Anesthesiol Clin 34:55-71, 1996.

25. Havill JH, Sleigh J: Management and outcomes of patients with brain trauma in a tertiary referral trauma hospital without neurosurgeons on site. Anaesth Intensive Care 26:642-647, 1998.

26. Hayakawa F: The relationship of a neonatal care center, a pediatric neurology division and a rehabilitation center for disabled children. No to Hattatsu (Brain & Development) 30:202-206, 1998.

27. Hayward R: The future of paediatric neurosurgery: a British problem with wider implications. Br J Neurosurg 13:253-255, 1999.

28. Hodge D 3rd: Managed care and the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Clin North Am 46:1329-40, 1999.

29. Kofos D, Pitetti R, Orr R, Thompson A: Telemedicine in pediatric transport: a feasibility study. Pediatrics 102:E58, 1998.

30. Jones HR Jr: Guillain-Barr syndrome: perspectives with infants and children. Semin Pediatr Neurol 7:91-102, 2000.

31. Lopez-Pison J, Arana T, Baldellou A, Rebage V, Garcia-Jimenez MC, Pena-Segura JL: Demand for neuropediatric services in a general referral hospital. III. Diagnosis. Rev Neurol 25:1896-1905, 1997.

32. Lopez-Pison J, Galvan Manso M, Rubio Morales L, Juan Belloc S, Ferreras Amez A, Melendo Gimeno J: Descriptive analysis of neurological disorders in the pediatric intensive care unit of a regional reference hospital. An Esp Pediatr 53:119-124, 2000.

33. Luerssen TG: Intracranial pressure: current status in monitoring and management. Semin Pediatr Neurol 4:146-55, 1997.

34. Marcin JP, Pollack MM, Patel KM, Sprague BM, Ruttiman UE: Prognostication and certainty in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics 104:868-73, 1999.

35. Martin LD, Bratton SL, O'Rourke PP: Clinical uses and controversies of neuromuscular blocking agents in infants and children. Crit Care Med 27:1358-68, 1999.

36. Mbodj I, Ndiaye M, Sene F, Salif Sow P, Sow HD, Diagana M, Pierre Ndiaye I, Gallo Diop A: Treatment of status epilepticus in a developing country. Neurophysiol Clin 30:165-169, 2000.

37. McConnochie KM, Callahan CM, Connors GP, Roghmann KJ: Estimating risk associated with care in alternative settings: deterioration among children hospitalized. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152:651-8, 1998.

38. Meyer P, Legros C, Orliaguet G: Critical care management of neurotrauma in children: new trends and perspectives. Childs Nerv Syst 15:732-9, 1999.

39. Moritz ML, Ayus JC: The changing pattern of hypernatremia in hospitalized children. Pediatrics 104:435-9, 1999.

40. Nadel S, Joarder R, Gibson M, Stevens J, Britto J, Habibi P, Owens C: Emergency cranial computed tomography in the management of acute febrile encephalopathy in children. J Accid Emerg Med 16:403-406, 1999.

41. Naredi S, Eden E, Zall S, Stephensen H, Rydenhag B: A standardized neurosurgical neurointensive therapy directed toward vasogenic edema after severe traumatic brain injury: clinical results. Intensive Care Med 24:446-451, 1998.

42. Orliaguet GA, Meyer PG, Blanot S, Jarreau MM, Charron B, Buisson C, Carli PA: Predictive factors of outcome in severely traumatized children. Anesth Analg 87:537-42, 1998.

43. Pollack MM, Patel KM, Ruttimann E: Pediatric critical care training programs have a positive effect on pediatric intensive care mortality. Crit Care Med 25:1637-42, 1997.

44. Potts MJ, Messimer SR: Successful teaching of pediatric fluid management using computer methods. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:195-8, 1999.

45. Preiser JC, Reper P, Vlasselaer D, Vray B, Zhang H, Metz G, Vanderkelen A, Vincent JL: Nitric oxide production is increased in patients after burn injury. J Trauma 40:368-371, 1996.

46. Reynolds S, Desguin B, Uyeda A, Davis AT: Children with chronic conditions in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 12:166-168, 1996.

47. Runton NG, Toth JC: Introducing the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool for pediatric critical care nursing (PEDS-BKAT). Crit Care Nurse 18:67-72, 1998.

48. Salyer JW: Outcomes of pediatric mechanical ventilation. Respir Care Clin N Am 2:471-485, 1996.

49. Schears GJ, Deutschman CS: Common nutritional issues in pediatric and adult critical care medicine. Crit Care Clin 13:669-90, 1997.

50. Semple PL, Bass DH, Peter JC: Severe head injury in children - a preventable but forgotten epidemic. S Afr Med J 88:440-444, 1998.

51. Slonim AD, Magnuson WG, Pollack MM: Lessons from international comparisons of pediatric critical care. Crit Care Med 25:1445-6, 1997.

52. Slonim AD, Ognibene FP: Sedation for pediatric procedures, using ketamine and midazolam, in a primarily adult intensive care unit: a retrospective evaluation. Crit Care Med 26:1900-4, 1998.

53. Soul JS, du Plessis AJ: New technologies in pediatric neurology. Near-infrared spectroscopy. Semin Pediatr Neurol 6:101-110, 1999.

54. Suess S, Suess O, Brock M: Neurosurgical procedures in Jehovah's Witnesses: an increased risk? Neurosurgery 49:266-273, 2001.

55. Tsien CL, Fackler JC: Poor prognosis for existing monitors in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 25:614-9, 1997.

56. Tyshkevich TG, Bersnev VP, Stepanova TS: The use of millimeter waves in neurosurgery under electrophysiological control. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 1:30-33, 1998.

57. Vernon-Levett P, Geller M: Posterior fossa tumors in children: a case study. AACN Clin Issues 8:214-26, 1997.

58. Wang HS, Kuo MF: Multimodal approach of cranial ultrasound in children.  Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 22:1-10, 1999.

59. Woodward H, Winterhalther K, Donders J, Hackbarth R, Kuldanek A, Sanfilippo D: Prediction of neurobehavioral outcome 1-5 years post pediatric traumatic head injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14:351-9, 1999.

60. Wheeler DS, Sperring JL, Vaux KK, Poss WB: Development of a pediatric critical care transport team: experience at a military medical center. Mil Med 164:188-93, 1999.

61. Yoo DS, Kim DS, Cho KS, Huh PW, Park CK, Kang JK: Ventricular pressure monitoring during bilateral decompression with dural expansion. J Neurosurg 91:953-959, 1999.


SNACC - The Society of Neurosurgical Anesthesia and Critical Care
520 N. Northwest Highway
Park Ridge, IL 60068-2573
TEL: 847-825-5586 FAX: 847-825-5658
email: snacc@ASAhq.org