Compiled by Dale A. Pelligrino, Ph.D.
University of Illinois, Chicago, IL

General

1. Armstead WM: Superoxide generation links protein kinase C activation to impaired ATP-sensitive K+ channel function after brain injury. Stroke 30:153-9, 1999.

2. Arvin B, Neville LF, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ: The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20:445-52, 1996.

3. Breder CD: Cyclooxygenase systems in the mammal brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 813:296-301, 1997.

4. Cao C, Matsumura K, Watanabe Y: Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in the brain by cytokines. Ann NY Acad Sci 813:307-9, 1997.

5. Carroll JE, Hess DC, Howard EF, Hill WD: Is nuclear factor-kappaB a good treatment target in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury? Neuroreport 26:R1-4, 2000.

6. Cole DJ, Cross LM, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Jacobsen WK: Thiopentone and methohexital, but not pentobarbitone, reduce early focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Can J Anaesth 48:807-14, 2001.

7. Curry SH: On the relationship between plasma concentrations of drugs and outcome of stroke studies in laboratory animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 939:297-308, 2001.

*+8. del Zoppo G, Ginis I, Hallenbeck JM, Iadecola C, Wang X, Feuerstein GZ: Inflammation and stroke: putative role for cytokines, adhesion molecules and iNOS in brain response to ischemia. Brain Pathol 10:95-112, 2000.

+9. del Zoppo GJ, Hallenbeck JM: Advances in the vascular pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Thromb Res 98:73-81, 2000.

10. Dubal DB, Shughrue PJ, Wilson ME, Merchenthaler I, Wise PM: Estradiol modulates bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia: a potential role for estrogen receptors. J Neurosci 19:6385-93, 1999.

+11. Durieux ME: Muscarinic signaling in the central nervous system-recent developments and anesthetic implications. Anesthesiology 84:173-89, 1996.

12. Emerich DF, Dean RL 3^rd, Bartus RT: The role of leukocytes following cerebral ischemia: pathogenic variable or bystander reaction to emerging infarct? Exp Neurol 173:168-81, 2002.

+13. Faraci FM, Sobey CG: Potassium channels and the cerebral circulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 23:1091-5, 1996.

+14. Franks NP, Lieb WR: Anaesthetics set their sites on ion channels. Nature 389:334-5, 1997.

15. Frijns CJ, Kappelle LJ: Inflammatory cell adhesion molecules in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 33:2115-22, 2002.

16. Green PS, Simpkins JW: Neuroprotective effects of estrogens: potential mechanisms of action. Int J Dev Neurosci 18:347-58, 2000.

17. Gu Z, Kaul M, Yan B, Kridel SJ, Cui J, Strongin A, Smith JW, Liddington RC, Lipton SA: S-nitrosylation of matrix metalloproteinases: signaling pathway to neuronal cell death. Science 297:1186-90, 2002

*+18. Hurn PD, Macrae IM: Estrogen as a neuroprotectant in stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:631-52, 2000.

19. Inoue S, Kawaguchi M, Kurehara K, Sakamoto T, Kishi K, Einaga T, Kitaguchi K, Furuya H: Mild hypothermia can enhance pial arteriolar vasodilation induced by isoflurane and sevoflurane in cats. Crit Care Med 30:1863-9, 2002.

20. Magyar J, Szabo G: Effects of volatile anesthetics on the G protein-regulated muscarinic potassium channel. Mol Pharmacol 50:1520-8, 1996.

*+21. Mattson MP: Neuroprotective signal transduction: relevance to stroke. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:193-206, 1997.

22. Jones SC, Radinsky CR, Furlan AJ, Chyatte D, Qu Y, Easley KA, Perez-Trepichio AD: Variability in the magnitude of the cerebral blood flow response and the shape of the cerebral blood flow-pressure autoregulation curve during hypotension in normal rats [corrected]. Anesthesiology 97:488-96, 2002.

+23. Merrill JE, Benveniste EN: Cytokines in inflammatory brain lesions: helpful and harmful. Trends Neurosci 19:331-8, 1996.

+24. Mihic SJ, Ye Q, Wick MJ, Koltchine VV, Krasowski MD, Finn SE, Mascia MP, Valenzuela CF, Hanson KK, Greenblatt EP, Harris RA, Harrison NL: Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABA(A) and glycine receptors. Nature 389:385-9, 1997.

+25. North RA, Barnard EA: Nucleotide receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7:346-57, 1997.

26. Nozaki K, Nishimura M, Hashimoto N: Mitogen-activated protein kinases and cerebral ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 23:1-19, 2001.

27. Ohtsuki T, Kitagawa K, Yamagata K, Mandai K, Mabuchi T, Matsushita K, Yanagihara T, Matsumoto M: Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in gerbil hippocampal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. Brain Res 736:353-6, 1996.

+28. Pacheco MA, Jope RS: Phosphoinositide signaling in human brain. Prog Neurobiol 50:255-73, 1996.

29. Pelligrino DA, Galea E: Estrogen and cerebrovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Jpn J Pharmacol 86:137-58, 2001.

30. Rusa R, Alkayed NJ, Crain BJ, Traystman RJ, Kimes AS, London ED, Klaus JA, Hurn PD: 17beta-estradiol reduces stroke injury in estrogen- deficient female animals. Stroke 30:1665-70, 1999.

31. Santizo R, Pelligrino DA: Estrogen reduces leukocyte adhesion in the cerebral circulation of female rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19:1061-5, 1999.

+32. Sebastiao AM, Ribeiro JA: Adenosine A2 receptor-mediated excitatory actions on the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 48:167-89, 1996.

33. Seyfried DM, Veyna R, Han Y, Li K, Tang N, Betts RL, Weinsheimer S, Chopp M, Anagli J: A selective cysteine protease inhibitor is non-toxic and cerebroprotective in rats undergoing transient middle cerebral artery ischemia. Brain Res 901:94-101, 2001.

34. Sheng H, Kudo M, Mackensen GB, Pearlstein RD, Crapo JD, Warner DS: Mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase have increased resistance to global cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol 163:392-8, 2000.

35. Shuaib A, Breker-Klassen MM: Inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: a brief review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:219-26, 1997.

36. Sobey CG, Faraci FM: Novel mechanisms contributing to cerebral vascular dysfunction during chronic hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 3:517-23, 2001.

+37. Sweeney MI: Neuroprotective effects of adenosine in cerebral ischemia: window of opportunity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:207-17, 1997.

38. Toung TJ, Traystman RJ, Hurn PD: Estrogen-mediated neuroprotection after experimental stroke in male rats. Stroke 29:1666-70, 1998.

39. Wang Q, Santizo R, Baughman VL, Pelligrino DA, Iadecola C: Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats. Stroke 30:630-7, 1999.

40. Xia S, Cai ZY, Thio LL, Kim-Han JS, Dugan LL, Covey DF, Rothman SM: The estrogen receptor is not essential for all estrogen neuroprotection: new evidence from a new analog. Neurobiol Dis 9:282-93, 2002.

41. Yamamoto T, Nozaki-Taguchi N: Analysis of the effects of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in spinal nociceptive transmission using indomethacin, a non-selective COX inhibitor, and NS-398, a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Brain Res 739:104-10, 1996.

42. Yamashima T. Implication of cysteine proteases calpain, cathepsin and caspase in ischemic neuronal death of primates. Prog Neurobiol 62:273-95, 2000.

43. Yamamoto T, Nozaki-Taguchi N: Role of spinal cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 on thermal hyperalgesia evoked by carageenan injection in the rat. Neuroreport 8:2179-82, 1997.

*+44. Yenari MA, Giffard RG, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK: The neuroprotective potential of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Mol Med Today 5:525-31, 1999.

45. Zauner A, Daugherty WP, Bullock MR, Warner DS: Brain oxygenation and energy metabolism: part I-biological function and pathophysiology. Neurosurgery 51:289-302, 2002.

Calcium

*+1. Alborch E, Salom JB, Torregrosa G: Calcium channels in cerebral arteries. Pharmacol Ther 68:1-34, 1995.

2. Chung YH, Shin CM, Kim MJ, Shin DH, Yoo YB, Cha CI: Spatial and temporal distribution of N-type Ca(2+) channels in gerbil global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 902:294-300, 2001.

3. Fiskum G: Mitochondrial participation in ischemic and traumatic neural cell death. J. Neurotrauma 17:843-55, 2000.

+4. Hossmann KA: The hypoxic brain. Insights from ischemia research. Adv Exp Med Biol 474:155-69, 1999.

5. Horn J, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Luiten PG, Limburg M: Nimodipine in animal model experiments of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review. Stroke 32:2433-8, 2001.

+6. Kampfl A, Posmantur RM, Zhao X, Schmutzhard E, Clifton GL, Hayes RL: Mechanisms of calpain proteolysis following traumatic brain injury: implications for pathology and therapy: implications for pathology and therapy: a review and update. J Neurotrauma 14:121-34, 1997.

7. Kindler CH, Eilers H, Donohoe P, Ozer S, Bickler PE: Volatile anesthetics increase intracellular calcium in cerebrocortical and hippocampal neurons. Anesthesiology 90:1137-45, 1999.

*+8. Kristian T, Siesjo BK: Calcium in ischemic cell death. Stroke 29:705-18, 1998.

+9. Marks AR: Intracellular calcium-release channels: regulators of cell life and death. Am J Physiol 272:H597-605, 1997.

10. Mattson MP, Zhu H, Yu J, Kindy MS: Presenilin-1 mutation increases neuronal vulnerability to focal ischemia in vivo and to hypoxia and glucose deprivation in cell culture: involvement of perturbed calcium homeostasis. J Neurosci 20:1358-64, 2000.

11. Ohta K, Graf R, Rosner G, Heiss WD: Calcium ion transients in peri-infarct depolarizations may deteriorate ion homeostasis and expand infarction in focal cerebral ischemia in cats. Stroke 32:535-43, 2001.

12. Paschen W: Role of calcium in neuronal cell injury: which subcellular compartment is involved? Brain Res Bull 53:409-13, 2000.

13. Racay P, Kaplan P, Lehotsky J: Ischemia-induced inhibition of active calcium transport into gerbil brain microsomes: effect of anesthetics and models of ischemia. Neurochem Res 25:285-92, 2000.

14. Schild L, Keilhoff G, Augustin W, Reiser G, Striggow F: Distinct Ca2+ thresholds determine cytochrome c release or permeability transition pore opening in brain mitochondria. FASEB J 15:565-7, 2001.

*+15. Shuaib A, Kanthan R: Amplification of inhibitory mechanisms in cerebral ischemia: an alternative approach to neuronal protection. Histol Histopathol 12:185-94, 1997.

*+16. Siesjo BK, Elmer E, Janelidze S, Keep M, Kristian T, Ouyang YB, Uchino H: Role and mechanisms of secondary mitochondrial failure. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien ) 73:7-13, 1999.

17. Stout CE, Costantin JL, Naus CC, Charles AC: Intercellular calcium signaling in astrocytes via ATP release through connexin hemichannels. J Biol Chem 277:10482-8, 2002.

18. Vannucci RC, Brucklacher RM, Vannucci SJ: Intracellular calcium accumulation during the evolution of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 31:117-20, 2001.

Opioids

1. Armstead WM: NOC/oFQ PKC-dependent superoxide generation contributes to hypoxic-ischemic impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation. Am J Physiol Heart Cir Physiol 279:H2678-84, 2000.

2. Armstead WM: NOC/oFQ contributes to hypoxic-ischemic impairment of N-methyl-D- aspartate-induced cerebral vasodilation. Brain Res 868:48-55, 2000.

*+3. Bach FW: Beta-endorphin in the brain. A role in nociception. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:133-40, 1997.

+4. Benyo Z, Wahl M: Opiate receptor-mediated mechanisms in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 8:326-57, 1996.

5. Boutin H, Dauphin F, Jauzac P, MacKenzie ET: Exofocal alterations in opioidergic receptor densities following focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse. Exp Neurol 164:314-21, 2000.

6. Chang RC, Rota C, Glover RE, Mason RP, Hong JS: A novel effect of an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, on the production of reactive oxygen species by microglia: a study by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Res 854:224-9, 2000.

7. Chen CJ, Cheng FC, Liao SL, Chen WY, Lin NN, Kuo JS: Effects of naloxone on lactate, pyruvate metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neurosci Lett 287:113-6, 2000.

*+8. Faden AI: Neurotoxic versus neuroprotective actions of endogenous opioid peptides: implications for treatment of CNS injury. NIDA Res Monogr 163:318-30, 1996.

*+9. Fields HL: Pain modulation: expectation, opioid analgesia and virtual pain. Prog Brain Res 122:245-53, 2000.

10. Gillman MA: Analgesic (sub-anesthetic) nitrous oxide interacts with the endogenous opioid system: a review of the evidence. Life Sci 39:1209-21, 1986.

11. Grigoriants OO, Pravdenkova SV, Andersen BJ, Desiderio DM: Alteration of opioid peptide concentrations in the rat pituitary following survivable closed head injury. Neurochem Res 20:827-31, 1995.

+12. Jensen TS: Opioids in the brain: supraspinal mechanisms in pain control. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:123-32, 1997.

13. Liu B, Du L, Hong JS: Naloxone protects rat dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory damage through inhibition of microglia activation and superoxide generation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:607-17, 2000.

+14. Murkin JM: Central analgesic mechanisms: a review of opioid receptor physio-pharmacology and related antinociceptive systems. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 15:268-77, 1991.

*+15. Peterson PK, Molitor TW, Chao CC: The opioid-cytokine connection. J Neuroimmunol 83:63-9, 1998.

+16. Rothman RB: A review of the role of anti-opioid peptides in morphine tolerance and dependence. Synapse 12:129-38, 1992.

17. Siuciak JA, Wong V, Pearsall D, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM: BDNF produces analgesia in the formalin test and modifies neuropeptide levels in rat brain and spinal cord areas associated with nociception. Eur J Neurosci 7:663-70, 1995.

18. Su TP: Delta opioid peptide [D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5) enkephalin promotes cell survival. J Biomed Sce 7:195-9, 2000.

19. Suzuki T, Aoki T, Ohnishi O, Nagase H, Narita M: Different effects of NMDA/group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agents in delta- and mu-opioid receptor agonist-induced supraspinal antinociception. Eur J Pharmacol 396:23-8, 2000.

21. Vanderah TW, Raffa RB, Lashbrook J, Burritt A, Hruby V, Porreca F: Orphanin-FQ/nociceptin: lack of antinociceptive, hyperalgesic or allodynic effects in acute thermal or mechanical tests following intracerebroventricular or intrathecal administration to mice or rats. Eur J Pain 2:267-80, 1998.

22. Xu JY, Pieper GM, Tseng LF: Activation of a NO-cyclic GMP system by NO donors potentiates Beta-endorphin-induced antinociception in the mouse. Pain 63:377-83, 1995.

*+23. Yaksh TL: Pharmacology and mechanisms of opioid analgesic activity. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:94-111, 1997.

24. Zhang J, Gibney GT, Zhao P, Xia Y: Neuroprotective role of delta-opioid receptors in cortical neuronos. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282:C1225-34, 2002.

25. Zhang J, Haddad GG, Xia Y: delta-, but not mu- and kappa-, opioid receptor activation protects neocortical neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxic injury. Brain Res 885:143-53, 2000.

Excitatory Amino Acids

1. Ali C, Nicole O, Docagne F, Lesne S, MacKenzie ET, Nouvelot A, Buisson A, Vivien D: Ischemia-induced interleukin-6 as a potential endogenous neuroprotective cytokine against NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:956-66, 2000.

+2. Bennett GJ: Update on the neurophysiology of pain transmission and modulation: focus on the NMDA-receptor. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:S2-6, 2000.

3. Buchan A, Pulsinelli WA: Hypothermia but not the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801, attenuates neuronal damage in gerbils subjected to transient global ischemia. J Neurosci 10:311-6, 1990.

4. Buchan A, Li H, Cho S, Pulsinelli W: Blockade of the AMPA receptor prevents CA1 hippocampal injury following severe but transient forebrain ischemia in adult rats. Neurosci Lett 132:255-8, 1991.

+5. Buchan AM, Lesiuk H, Barnes KA, Li H, Huang ZG, Smith KE, Xue D: AMPA antagonists: do they hold more promise for clinical stroke trials than NMDA antagonists? Stroke 24(12 Suppl):I148-52, 1993.

*+6. Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA: Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 22:391-7, 1999.

+7. Fedele E, Raiteri M: In vivo studies of the cerebral glutamate receptor/NO/cGMP pathway. Prog Neurobiol 58:89-120, 1999.

8. Fossom LH, Von Lubitz DKJE, Lin RCS, Skolnick P: Neuroprotective actions of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC): a partial agonist at strychnine-insensitive glycine sites. Neurol Res 17:265-9, 1995.

9. Giffard RG, Monyer H, Christine CW, Choi DW: Acidosis reduces NMDA receptor activation, glutamate neurotoxicity, and oxygen-glucose deprivation neuronal injury in cortical cultures. Brain Res 506:339-42, 1990.

+10. Huang R, Sochocka E, Hertz L: Cell culture studies of the role of elevated extracellular glutamate and K+ in neuronal cell death during and after anoxia/ischemia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:129-34, 1997.

11. Hirabayashi H, Takizawa S, Fukuyama N, Nakazawa H, Shinohara Y: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist reduces nitrotyrosine formation in caudate-putamen in rat focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Neurosci Lett 299:159-61, 2001.

12. Kulkarni M, Armstead WM: Relationship between NOC/oFQ, dynorphin, and COX-2 activation in impaired NMDA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury. J Neurotrauma 19:965-73, 2002.

13. Mackensen GB, Nellgard B, Sarraf-Yazdi S, Dexter F, Steffen RP, Grocott HP, Warner DS: Post-ischemic RSR13 amplifies the effect of dizocilpine on outcome from transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res 853:15-21, 2000.

+14. Martin LJ, Al-Abdulla NA, Brambrink AM, Kirsch JR, Sieber FE, Portera-Cailliau C: Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia, and target deprivation: A perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis. Brain Res Bull 46:281-309, 1998.

+15. Meldrum BS: Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 130:1007S-15S, 2000.

16. Moroni F, Attucci S, Cozzi A, Meli E, Picca R, Scheideler MA, Pellicciari R, Noe C, Sarichelou I, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE: The novel and systemically active metabotropic glutamate 1 (mGlu1) receptor antagonist 3-MATIDA reduces post-ischemic neuronal death. Neuropharmacology 42:741-51, 2002.

+17. Muir KW: New experimental and clinical data on the efficacy of pharmacological magnesium infusions in cerebral infarcts. Magnes Res 11:43-56, 1998.

18. Murray CW, Cowan A, Larson AA: Neurokinin and NMDA antagonists (but not a kainic acid antagonist) are antinociceptive in the mouse formalin model. Pain 44:179-85, 1991.

19. Nellgard B, Wieloch T: Postischemic blockade of AMPA but not NMDA receptors mitigates neuronal damage in the rat brain following transient severe cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:2-11, 1992.

20. Nikam SS, Kornberg BE: AMPA receptor antagonists. Curr Med Chem 8:155-70, 2001.

21. Nishizawa Y: Glutamate release and neuronal damage in ischemia. Life Sci 69:369-81, 2001.

22. Olney JW, Labruyere J, Wang G, Wozniak DF, Price MT, Sesma MA: NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity: mechanism and prevention. Science 254:1515-8, 1991.

23. Parfenova H, Neff RA 3^rd, Alonso JS, Shlopov BV, Jamal CN, Sarkisova SA, Leffler CW. Cerebral vascular endothelial heme oxygenase: expression, localization, and activation by glutamate. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:1954-63, 2001.

24. Sarraf-Yazdi S, Sheng H, Miura Y, McFarlane C, Dexter F, Pearlstein R, Warner DS: Relative neuroprotective effects of dizocilpine and isoflurane during focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Anesth Analg 87:72-8, 1998.

+25. Sang CN: NMDA-receptor antagonists in neuropathic pain: experimental methods to clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:S21-5, 2000.

26. Sheardown MJ, Nielsen EO, Hansen AJ, Jacobsen P, Honore T: 2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline: a neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia. Science 247:571-4, 1990.

*+27. Small DL, Morley P, Buchan AM: Biology of ischemic cerebral cell death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 42:185-207, 1999.

28. Trujillo KA, Akil H: Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Science 251:85-7, 1991.

29. Vincent AM, Maiese K: The metabotropic glutamate system promotes neuronal survival through distinct pathways of programmed cell death. Exp Neurol 166:65-82, 2000.

30. Zhan RZ, Qi S, Wu C, Fujihara H, Taga K, Shimoji K: Intravenous anesthetics differentially reduce neurotransmission damage caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices in correlation with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibition. Crit Care Med 29:808-13, 2001.

Nitric Oxide, Prostanoids, and Endothelial Factors

1. Ashwal S, Tone B, Tian HR, Cole DJ, Liwnicz BH, Pearce WJ: Core and penumbral nitric oxide synthase activity during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the rat pup. Pediatr Res 46:390-400, 1999.

2. Bhardwaj A, Northington FJ, Carhuapoma JR, Falck JR, Harder DR, Traystman RJ, Koehler RC: P-450 epoxygenase and NO synthase inhibitors reduce cerebral blood flow response to N-methyl-D-aspartate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279:H1616-24, 2000.

*+3. Brenman JE, Bredt DS: Synaptic signaling by nitric oxide. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7:374-8, 1997.

4. Cheung R, Pei Z, Feng Z, Zou L: Cyclooxygenase-1 gene knockout does not alter middle cerebral artery occlusion in a mouse stroke model. Neurosci Lett 330:57, 2002.

5. Chiueh CC: Neuroprotective properties of nitric oxide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 890:301-11, 1999.

+6. Floyd RA: Antioxidants, oxidative stress, and degenerative neurological disorders. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 222:236-45, 1999.

*+7. Galea E, Feinstein DL: Regulation of the expression of the inflammatory nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) by cyclic AMP. FASEB J 13:2125-37, 1999.

8. Golding EM, Marrelli SP, You J, Bryan RM Jr: Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in the brain: a new regulator of cerebral blood flow? Stroke 33:661-3, 2002.

9. Gunnett CA, Lund DD, Howard MA 3^rd, Chu Y, Faraci FM, Heistad DD: Gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase impairs relaxation in human and rabbit cerebral arteries. Stroke 33:2292-6, 2002.

10. Han HS, Qiao Y, Karabiyikoglu M, Giffard RG, Yenari MA: Influence of mild hypothermia on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and reactive nitrogen production in experimental stroke and inflammation. J Neurosci 22:3921-8, 2002.

*+11. Huang PL, Lo EH: Genetic analysis of NOS isoforms using nNOS and eNOS knockout animals. Prog Brain Res 118:13-25, 1998.

12. Iadecola C, Niwa K, Nogawa S, Zhao X, Nagayama M, Araki E, Morham S, Ross ME: Reduced susceptibility to ischemic brain injury and N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neurotoxicity in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:1294-9, 2001.

13. Iadecola C, Sugimoto K, Niwa K, Kazama K, Ross ME: Increased susceptibility to ischemic brain injury in cyclooxygenase-1-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:1436-41, 2001.

14. Iadecola C, Zhang F, Xu S, Casey R, Ross ME: Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15:378-84, 1995.

*+15. Iadecola C: Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury. Trends Neurosci 20:132-9, 1997.

16. Koehler RC, Traystman RJ: Cerebrovascular effects of carbon monoxide. Antioxid Redox Signal 4:279-90, 2002.

*+17. Lipton SA: Neuronal protection and destruction by NO. Cell Death Differ 6:943-51, 1999.

18. Loeb AL, Raj NR, Longnecker DE: Cerebellar nitric oxide is increased during isoflurane anesthesia compared to halothane anesthesia: a microdialysis study in rats. Anesthesiology 89:723-30, 1998.

+19. Matsui T, Nagafuji T, Kumanishi T, Asano T: Role of nitric oxide in pathogenesis underlying ischemic cerebral damage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 19:177-89, 1999.

20. Mirjany M, Ho L, Pasinetti GM: Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in neuronal cell cycle activity and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:494-500, 2002.

+21. Murphy S: Production of nitric oxide by glial cells: regulation and potential roles in the CNS. Glia 29:1-13, 2000.

22. Nagase K, Iida H, Dohi S: L-arginine and nitroglycerin restore hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation in rabbits after its attenuation by ketamine. Anesth Analg 94:954-8, 2002.

+23. Pelligrino DA, Wang Q: Cyclic nucleotide crosstalk and the regulation of cerebral vasodilation. Prog Neurobiol 56:1-18, 1998.

24. Roman RJ: P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of cardiovascular function. Physiol Rev 82:131-85, 2002.

+25. Sastry PS, Rao KS: Apoptosis and the nervous system. J Neurochem 74:1-20, 2000.

26. Wang Q, Pelligrino DA, Baughman VL, Koenig HM, Albrecht RF: The role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in regulation of cerebral blood flow in normocapnia and hypercapnia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15:774-8, 1995.

27. Xu HL, Feinstein DL, Santizo RA, Koenig HM, Pelligrino DA: Agonist-specific differences in mechanisms mediating eNOS-dependent pial arteriolar dilation in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282:H237-43, 2002.

28. Xu HL, Galea E, Santizo RA, Baughman VL, Pelligrino DA: The key role of caveolin-1 in estrogen-mediated regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase function in cerebral arterioles in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:907-13, 2001.

29. Xu HL, Santizo RA, Baughman VL, Pelligrino DA: ADP-induced pial arteriolar dilation in ovariectomized rats involves gap junctional communication. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283:H1082-91, 2002.

30. Yang G, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Iadecola C: Nitric oxide is the predominant mediator of cerebellar hyperemia during somatosensory activation in rats. Am J Physiol 277:R1760-70, 1999.

31. Zuo Z, Tichotky A, Johns RA: Inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitter-nitric oxide signaling pathway by inhalational anesthetics. Neuroscience 93:1167-72, 1999.

32. Zuo Z, Johns RA: Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane do not affect the basal or agonist-stimulated activity of partially isolated soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclases of rat brain. Anesthesiology 83:395-404, 1995.