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HYPOTHERMIA

Compiled by Christian K. Spiss, M.D.
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

1. Aibiki M: Hypothermia and head injury. J Neurosurg 92: 1074-6, 2000.

2. Aoki A, Mori K, Maeda M, Miyazaki M, Iwase H: Appropriate cerebral perfusion pressure during rewarming after therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Neurochir Suppl 81:237-9, 2002.

3. Bacher A, Kwon JY, Zornow MH: Effects of temperature on cerebral tissue oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, and pH during transient global ischemia in rabbits. Anesthesiology 88: 403-9, 1998.

4. Baker A, Zornow M, Grafe M, Scheller M, Skilling S, Smullin D, Larson A: Hypothermia prevents ischemia-induced increases in hippocampal glycine concentrations in rabbits. Stroke 22:666-673, 1991.

5. Baker C, Fiore A, Frazzini V, Choudhri T, Zubay G, Solomon R: Intraischemic hypothermia decreases the release of glutamate in the cores of permanent focal cerebral infarcts. Neurosurgery 36:994-1002, 1995.

6. Baker K, Young W, Stone J, Kader A, Baker C, Solomon R: Deliberate mild intraoperative hypothermia for craniotomy. Anesthesiology 81:361-367, 1994.

7.  Berger C, Schabitz WR, Georgiadis D, Steiner T, Aschoff A, Schwab S: Effects of hypothermia on excitatory amino acids and metabolism in stroke patients: a microdialysis study. Stroke 33(2):519-24, 2002.

8. Bergstedt K, Hu B, Wieloch T: Postischaemic changes in protein synthesis in the rat brain: Effects of hypothermia. Exp Brain Res 95:91-99, 1993.

+9. Biagas KV, Gaeta ML: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with hypothermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 10: 271-7, 1998.

10. Bickler P, Buck L, Hansen B: Effects of isoflurane and hypothermia on glutamate receptor- mediated calcium influx in brain slices. Anesthesiology 81:1461-1469, 1994.

11. Blei AT: Pathophysiology of brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure, revisited. Metab Brain Dis 16(1-2):85-94, 2001.

12. Boffard KD, Bybee C, Sawyer B, Ferguson E: The management of near drowning. J R Army Med Corps 147(2):135-41, 2001.

13. Brugger H, Durrer B, Adler-Kastner L, Falk M, Tschirky F: Field management of avalanche victims. Resuscitation 51(1):7-15, 2001.

14. Busto R, Dietrich W, Globus M, Valdes I, Scheinberg P, Ginsberg M: Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 7:729-738, 1987.

15. Busto R, Globus M-T, Dietrich W, Martinez E, Valdes I, Ginsberg M: Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 20:904-910, 1989.

16. Cardell M, Boris-Moller F, Wieloch T: Hypothermia prevents the ischemia-induced translocation and inhibition of protein kinase c in the rat striatum. J Neurochem 57:1814-1817, 1991.

17. Chen Q, Chopp M, Bodzin G, Chen H: Temperature modulation of cerebral depolarization during focal cerebral ischemia in rats: correlation with ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:389-394, 1993.

18. Chyatte D, Elefteriades J, Kim B: Profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest for aneurysm surgery. J Neurosurg 70:489-491, 1989.

19. Clifton G, Allen S, Barrodale P, Plenger P, Berry J, Koch S, Fletcher J, Hayes R, Choi S: A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 10:263-273, 1993.

*20. Clifton GL, Choi SC, Miller ER, Levin HS, Smith KR Jr, Muizelaar JP, Wagner FC Jr, Marion DW, Luerssen TG: Intercenter variance in clinical trials of head trauma--experience of the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia. J Neurosurg 95(5):751-5, 2001.

21. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS, McCauley S, Smith KR Jr, Muizelaar JP, Marion DW, Luerssen TG: Hypothermia on admission in patients with severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 19(3):293-301, 2002 .

*22. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS, McCauley S, Smith KR Jr, Muizelaar JP, Wagner FC Jr, Marion DW, Luerssen TG, Chesnut RM, Schwartz M: Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 344(8):556-63, 2001.

23. Coimbra C, Wieloch T: Moderate hypothermia mitigates neuronal damage in the rat brain when initiated several hours following transient cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol 87:325- 331, 1994.

24. Colbourne F, Corbett D: Delayed postischemic hypothermia: A six month survival study using behavioral and histologic assessments of neuroprotection. J Neurosci 15:7250-7260, 1995.

25. Colon R, Frazier O, Cooley D, McAllister H: Hypothermic regional perfusion for protection of the spinal cord during periods of ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 43:639-643, 1987.

+26. Correia M, Silva M, Veloso M: Cooling therapy for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2,CD 001247, 2000.

27. Cottrell JE: The brain as a central key organ. Eur J Anaesthesiol 16: 353-8, 1999.

28. Curfman GD: Hypothermia to protect the brain. N Engl J Med 346(8):546, 2002.

29. Dae MW, Gao DW, Sessler DI, Chair K, Stillson CA: Effect of endovascular cooling on myocardial temperature, infarct size, and cardiac output in human-sized pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282(5):H1584-91, 2002.

30. Dearden NM: Mechanisms and prevention of secondary brain damage during intensive care. Clin Neuropathol 17: 221-8, 1998.

31. Dietrich W, Busto R, Alonso O, Globus M, Ginsberg M: Intraischemic but not postischemic brain hypothermia protects chronically following global forebrain ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 13:541-549, 1993.

32. Eisenburger P, Sterz F, Holzer M, Zeiner A, Scheinecker W, Havel C, Losert H: Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 7(3):184-8, 2001.

33. Frank S, Higgins M, Breslow M, Fleisher L, Gorman R, Sitzmann J, Raff H, Beattie C: The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to mild perioperative hypothermia: A randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 82:83-93, 1995.

+34. Gadkary CS, Alderson P, Signorini DF: Therapeutic hypothermia for head injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD001048, 2002.

35. Gal R, Cundrle I, Zimova I, Smrcka M: Mild hypothermia therapy for patients with severe brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 104(4):318-21, 2002.

36. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Schwab S: Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke 33(6):1584-8, 2002.

37. Ginsberg MD, Busto R: Combating hyperthermia in acute stroke: a significant clinical concern. Stroke 29: 529-34, 1998.

38. Globus M, Alonso O, Dietrich W, Busto R, Ginsberg M: Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: Effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 65:1704-1711, 1995.

39. Globus M, Busto R, Lin B, Schnippering H, Ginsberg M: Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: Effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem 65:1250-1256, 1995.

*40. Harris OA, Colford JM Jr, Good MC, Matz PG: The role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol 59(7):1077-83, 2002.

41. Hayashi S, Inao S, Takayasu M, Kajita Y, Ishiyama J, Harada T, Yoshida J: Effect of early induction of hypothermia on severe head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 81:83-4, 2002.

42. Heier T, Caldwell J, Sessler D, Miller R: Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases duration of action and spontaneous recovery of vecuronium blockade during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 74:815-819, 1991.

43. Hu B, Kamme F, Wieloch T: Alterations of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and its messenger RNA in the rat hippocampus following normo- and hypothermic ischemia. Neuroscience 68:1003-1016, 1995.

+44. Illievich U, Spiss C: Hypothermic therapy for the injured brain. Curr Opin Anaesth 7:394-400, 1994.

45. Inamasu J, Ichikizaki K: Mild hypothermia in neurologic emergency: an update. Ann Emerg Med 40(2):220-30, 2002.

+46. Inderbitzen B, Yon S, Lasheras J, Dobak J, Perl J, Steinberg GK: Safety and performance of a novel intravascular catheter for induction and reversal of hypothermia in a porcine model. Neurosurgery 50(2):364-70, 2002.

47. Jonas RA: Neurological protection during cardiopulmonary bypass/deep hypothermia. Pediatr Cardiol 19: 321-30, 1998.

48. Jonas RA: pH strategy for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in adults. Perfusion 16(3):180, 2001.

49. Kader A, Frazzini V, Baker C, Solomon R, Trifiletti R: Effect of mild hypothermia on nitric oxide synthesis during focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery 35:272-277, 1994.

50. Kadoi Y, Kawahara F, Saito S, Morita T, Kunimoto F, Goto F, Fujita N: Effects of hypothermic and normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on brain oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 68: 34-9, 1999.

51. Kammersgaard LP, Jorgensen HS, Rungby JA, Reith J, Nakayama H, Weber UJ, Houth J, Olsen TS: Admission body temperature predicts long-term mortality after acute stroke: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 33(7):1759-62, 2002.

52. Karibe H, Chen S, Zarow G, Gafni J, Graham S, Chan P, Weinstein P: Mild intraischemic hypothermia suppresses consumption of endogenous antioxidants after temporary focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 649:12-18, 1994.

53. Kataoka K, Yanase H: Mild hypothermia--a revived countermeasure against ischemic neuronal damages. Neurosci Res 32: 103-17, 1998.

54. Katsura K, Minamisawa H, Ekholm A, Folbergrova J, Siesj" B: Changes of labile metabolites during anoxia in moderately hypo- and hyperthermic rats: correlation to membrane fluxes of K+. Brain Res 590:6-12, 1992.

55. Kirkham FJ: Recognition and prevention of neurological complications in pediatric cardiac surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 19: 331-45, 1998.

56. Kirkpatrick AW, Chun R, Brown R, Simons RK: Hypothermia and the trauma patient. Can J Surg 42: 333-43, 1999.

57. Kline AE, Bolinger BD, Kochanek PM, Carlos TM, Yan HQ, Jenkins LW, Marion DW, Dixon CE: Acute systemic administration of interleukin-10 suppresses the beneficial effects of moderate hypothermia following traumatic brain injury in rats.Brain Res 937(1-2):22-31, 2002.

58. Koht A, Cane R, Cerullo L: Serum potassium levels during prolonged hypothermia. Intensive Care Med 9:275-277, 1983.

59. Kollmar R, Schabitz WR, Heiland S, Georgiadis D, Schellinger PD, Bardutzky J, Schwab S: Neuroprotective effect of delayed moderate hypothermia after focal cerebral ischemia: an MRI study. Stroke 33(7):1899-904, 2002.

60. Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD, Schwarz B, Rackwitz KS, Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Mair P: Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50(3):301-8, 2001.

61. Kurth CD, O'Rourke MM, O'Hara IB: Comparison of pH-stat and alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral oxygenation and blood flow in relation to hypothermic circulatory arrest in piglets. Anesthesiology 89: 110-8, 1998.

62. Kuwagata Y, Oda J, Ninomiya N, Shiozaki T, Shimazu T, Sugimoto H: Changes in left ventricular performance in patients with severe head injury during and after mild hypothermia. J Trauma 47: 666-72, 1999.

63. Laptook A, Corbett R, Burns D, Sterett R: Neonatal ischemic neuroprotection by modest hypothermia is associated with attenuated brain acidosis. Stroke 26:1240-1246, 1995.

64. Leslie K, Sessler D, Bjorksten A, Moayeri A: Mild hypothermia alters propofol pharmacokinetics and increases the duration of action of atracurium. Anesth Analg 80:1007-1014, 1995.

65. Levy W: Quantitative analysis of EEG changes during hypothermia. Anesthesiology 60:291-297, 1984.

66. Lundgren J, Smith M-L, Blennow G, Siesjo B: Hyperthermia aggravates and hypothermia ameliorates epileptic brain damage. Exp Brain Res 99:43-55, 1994.

67. Marion DW: Cytokines and therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care Med 30(7):1666-7, 2002.

68.  Marion DW: Therapeutic moderate hypothermia and fever. Curr Pharm Des 7(15):1533-6, 2001.

*69. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 336(8):540-6, 1997.

70. Markgraf CG, Clifton GL, Moody MR: Treatment window for hypothermia in brain injury. J Neurosurg  95(6):979-83, 2001.

71. Masaoka H, Takasato Y, Hayakawa T, Yatsushige H, Kamisasah Sumiyoshi K, Homma M: Cerebral blood flow measurement of severely head-injured patients during mild hypothermia. Keio J Med 49 Suppl 1: A159-60, 2000.

72. Matsumae M, Ishizaka H, Shiramizu H, Shibata M, Tsugane R: Pupillary abnormality on admission and brain bulging during surgery as unfavourable predictors in patients treated with hypothermia: a retrospective review of 81 patients with severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143(12):1229-34; discussion 1234-5, 2001.

73. Matsushita Y, Bramlett HM, Alonso O, Dietrich WD: Posttraumatic hypothermia is neuroprotective in a model of traumatic brain injury complicated by a secondary hypoxic insult. Crit Care Med 29(11):2060-6, 2001.

74. McCleary AJ, Gower S, McGoldrick JP, Berridge J, Gough MJ: Does hypothermia prevent cerebral ischaemia during cardiopulmonary bypass? Cardiovasc Surg 7: 425-31, 1999.

75. Mellergard P: Changes in human intracerebral temperature in response to different methods of brain cooling. Neurosurgery 31:671-677, 1992.

76. Michenfelder J, Milde J: The relationship among canine brain temperature, metabolism, and function during hypothermia. Anesthesiology 75:130-136, 1991.

77. Michenfelder J, Uihlein A, Daw E, Theye R: Moderate hypothermia in man: haemodynamic and metabolic effects. Br J Anaesth 37:738-745, 1965.

78. Mori K, Maeda M, Miyazaki M, Iwase H: Effects of mild (33 degrees C) and moderate (29 degrees C) hypothermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism, lactate, and extracellular glutamate in experimental head injury. Neurol Res 20: 719-26, 1998.

79. Nakamura T, Nagao S, Kawai N, Honma Y, Kuyama H: Significance of multimodal cerebral monitoring under moderate therapeutic hypothermia for severe head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 71: 85-7, 1998.

80. Nakashima K, Todd M, Warner D: The relation between cerebral metabolic rate and ischemic depoliarization: A comparison of the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane. Anesthesiology 82:1199-1208, 1995.

81. Nishio S, Chen ZF, Yunoki M, Toyoda T, Anzivino M, Lee KS: Hypothermia-induced ischemic tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 890: 26-41, 1999.

*82. [No authors listed] Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346(8):549-56, 2002.

83. Nollert G, Reichart B: Cardiopulmonary bypass and cerebral injury in adults. Shock 16 Suppl 1:16-9, 2001.

84. Piepgras A, Roth H, Schurer L, Tillmans R, Quintel M, Herrmann P, Schmiedek P: Rapid active internal core cooling for induction of moderate hypothermia in head injury by use of an extracorporeal heat exchanger. Neurosurgery 42: 311-7; discussion 317-8, 1998.

85. Rees K, Beranek-Stanley M, Burke M, Ebrahim S: Hypothermia to reduce neurological damage following coronary artery bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD002138, 2001.

86. Reinert MM, Bullock R: Clinical trials in head injury. Neurol Res 21: 330-8, 1999.

87. Resnick D, Marion D, Darby J: The effect of hypothermia on the incidence of delayed traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 34:252-256, 1994.

88. Ridenour T, Warner D, Todd M, McAllister A: Mild hypothermia reduces infarct size resulting from temporary but not permanent focal ischemia in the rat. Stroke 23:733-738, 1992.

89. Roberts DR, Manas D: Induced hypothermia in the management of cerebral oedema secondary to fulminant liver failure. Clin Transplant 13: 545-7, 1999.

90. Safar P, Behringer W, Bottiger BW, Sterz F: Cerebral resuscitation potentials for cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 30(4 Suppl):S140-4, 2002.

91. Sano T, Drummond J, Patel P, Grafe M, Watson J, Cole D: A comparison of the cerebral protective effects of isoflurane and mild hypothermia in a model of incomplete forebrain ischemia in the rat. Anesthesiology 76:221-228, 1992.

92. Schmid-Elsaesser R, Hungerhuber E, Zausinger S, Baethmann A, Reulen HJ: Combination drug therapy and mild hypothermia: a promising treatment strategy for reversible, focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 30: 1891-9, 1999.

93. Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, Keller E, Bertram M, Hacke W: Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction [see comments]. Stroke 29: 2461-6, 1998.

94. Shaffner DH, Eleff SM, Koehler RC, Traystman RJ: Effect of the no-flow interval and hypothermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Stroke 29: 2607-15, 1998.

95. Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, Yoshida H, Iwai A, Yoshioka T, Sugimoto T: Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 79:363-368, 1993.

96. Shum-Tim D, Nagashima M, Shinoka T, Bucerius J, Nollert G, Lidov HG, du Plessis A, Laussen PC, Jonas RA: Postischemic hyperthermia exacerbates neurologic injury after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116: 780-92, 1998.

97. Solomon R, Smith C, Raps E, Young W, Stone J, Fink M: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for the management of complex anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms. Neurosurgery 29:732-738, 1991.

*98. Soukup J, Zauner A, Doppenberg EM, Menzel M, Gilman C, Young HF, Bullock R: The importance of brain temperature in patients after severe head injury: relationship to intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and outcome. J Neurotrauma 19(5):559-71, 2002.

99.  Steiner T, Friede T, Aschoff A, Schellinger PD, Schwab S, Hacke W: Effect and feasibility of controlled rewarming after moderate hypothermia in stroke patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke 32(12):2833-5, 2001.

100. Stone J, Young W, Smith C, Solomon R, Wald A, Ostapkovich N, Shrebnick D: Do standard monitoring sites reflect true brain temperature when profound hypothermia is rapidly induced and reversed? Anesthesiology 82:344-351, 1995.

101.  Sutcliffe IT, Smith HA, Stanimirovic D, Hutchison JS: Effects of moderate hypothermia on IL-1 beta-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in pial microcirculation of mice and on proinflammatory gene expression in human cerebral endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21(11):1310-9, 2001.

102.  Thome C, Schubert G, Piepgras A, Elste V, Schilling L, Schmiedek P: Hypothermia reduces acute vasospasm following SAH in rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl 77:255-8, 2001.

103. Trevino A, Razi B, Beller B: The characteristic electrocardiogram of accidental hypothermia. Arch Intern Med 127:470-473, 1971.

104. Varathan S, Shibuta S, Shimizu T, Mashimo T: Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia at defined intraischemic time courses in cortical cultures. J Neurosci Res 65(6):583-90, 2001.

105. Vassal T, Benoit-Gonin B, Carrat F, Guidet B, Maury E, Offenstadt G: Severe accidental hypothermia treated in an ICU: prognosis and outcome. Chest 120(6):1998-2003, 2001.

106. Verhaegen M, Iaizzo P, Todd M: A comparison of the effects of hypothermia, pentobarbital, and isoflurane on cerebral energy stores at the time of ischemic depolarization. Anesthesiology 82:1209-1215, 1995.

107. Walpoth B: Accidental deep hypothermia: a rewarming challenge. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114(8-9):287-8, 2002.

108. Wass C, Lanier W, Hofer R, Scheithauer B, Andrews A: Temperature changes of > 1 oC alter functional neurologic outcome and histopathology in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia. Anesthesiology 83:325-335, 1995.

109. Weinrauch V, Safar P, Tisherman S, Kuboyama K, Radovsky A: Beneficial effect of mild hypothermia and detrimental effect of deep hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke 23:1454-1461, 1992.

110. Widmann R, Miyazawa T, Hossmann K: Protective effect of hypothermia on hippocampal injury after 30 minutes of forebrain ischemia in rats is mediated by postischemic recovery of protein synthesis. J Neurochem 61:200-209, 1993.

111.  Xu L, Yenari MA, Steinberg GK, Giffard RG: Mild hypothermia reduces apoptosis of mouse neurons in vitro early in the cascade. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(1):21-8, 2002.

112. Yamamoto M, Marmarou CR, Stiefel MF, Beaumont A, Marmarou A: Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia on neuronal injury in diffuse traumatic brain injury coupled with hypoxia and hypotension. J Neurotrauma 16: 487-500, 1999.

113.  Yoo DS, Kim DS, Park CK, Cho KS, Huh PW, Kang JK: Significance of temperature difference between cerebral cortex and axilla in patients under hypothermia management. Acta Neurochir Suppl 81:85-7, 2002.

114. Zhi DS, Zhang S, Zhou LG: Continuous monitoring of brain tissue oxygen pressure in patients with severe head injury during moderate hypothermia. Surg Neurol 52: 393-6, 1999.

115. Zhu L, Diao C: Theoretical simulation of temperature distribution in the brain during mild hypothermia treatment for brain injury. Med Biol Eng Comput 39(6):681-7, 2001.


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