Compiled by Tod Sloan, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A.
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas

General

1. Anonymous: Guideline eleven: guidelines for intraoperative monitoring of sensory evoked potentials. American Electroencephalographic Society. J Clin Neurophysiol 11:77-87, 1994.

+2. Chiappa KH, Editor:  Evoked potentials in clinical medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 1997.

3. Danesh-Clough T, Taylor P, Hodgson B, Walton M: The use of evoked EMG in detecting misplaced thoracolumbar pedicle screws. Spine 26(12):1313-6, 2001.

4. Emerson RG, Turner CA: Monitoring during supratentorial surgery. J Clin Neurophysiol 10:404-11, 1993.

+5. Erwin CW, Erwin AC: Up and down the spinal cord: intraoperative monitoring of sensory and motor spinal cord pathways. J Clin Neurophysiol 10:425-36, 1993.

*+6. Fisher RS, Raudzens P, Nunemacher M: Efficacy of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 12:97-109, 1995.

7. Gentili F, Lougheed WM, Yamashiro K, Corrado C: Monitoring of sensory evoked potentials during surgery of skull base tumours. Can J Neurol Sci 12:336-40, 1985.

8. Guerit JM: Neuromonitoring in the operating room: why, when, and how to monitor?. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 106:1-21, 1998.

9.  Harper CM, Daube JR: Facial nerve electromyography and other cranial nerve monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 15(3):206-16, 1998.

10. Harper CM, Nelson KR: Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in children. J Clin Neurophysiol 9:342-56, 1992

11. Leppanen R, Maguire J, Wallace S, Madigan R, Draper V: Intraoperative lower extremity reflex muscle activity as an adjunct to conventional somatosensory-evoked potentials and descending neurogenic monitoring in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine  20(17):1872-7, 1995.

12. Lopez JR, Chang SD, Steinberg GK: The use of electrophysiological monitoring in the intraoperative management of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:189-96, 1999.

+13. Moller AR: Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. Luxemburg, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995.

+14. Nuwer MR: Evoked potential monitoring in the operating room. New York, Raven Press, 1986.

15. Owen JH: The application of intraoperative monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity. Spine 24:2649-62, 1999.

16. Padberg AM, Bridwell KH: Spinal cord monitoring: current state of the art. Orthop Clin North Am 30:407-33, viii, 1999.

17. Sebel P: Evoked potentials, monitoring the central nervous system. Edited by Sebel PS, Fitch W. Oxford, England, Blackwell Science, pp. 267-293, 1994.

18. Sloan TB: Anesthetic effects on electrophysiologic recordings. J Clin Neurophysiol 15:217-26, 1998.

+19. Sloan T: Evoked potentials, textbook of neuroanesthesia. Edited by Albin MS. New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 221-276, 1997.

20. Toleikis JR, Skelly JP, Carlvin AO, Toleikis SC, Bernard TN, Burkus JK, Burr ME, Dorchak JD, Goldman MS, Walsh TR: The usefulness of electrical stimulation for assessing pedicle screw placements. J Spinal Disord  13(4):283-9, 2000.

21. Weiss DS: Spinal cord and nerve root monitoring during surgical treatment of lumbar stenosis. Clin Orthop, Mar;(384):82-100, 2001.

Brainstem Auditory Response

+1. Cheek JC: Posterior fossa intraoperative monitoring. J Clin Neurophysiol 10:412-24, 1993.

2. Erwin CW, Erwin AC:  The use of brainstem auditory evoked potentials in intraoperative monitoring, intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring.  Edited by Russell GB, Rodichok LD. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 135-158, 1995.

3. Fischer G, Fischer C, Remond J: Hearing preservation in acoustic neurinoma surgery. J Neurosurg 76:910-7, 1992.

4. Harper CM, Harner SG, Slavit DH, Litchy WJ, Daube JR, Beatty CW, Ebersold MJ: Effect of BAEP monitoring on hearing preservation during acoustic neuroma resection. Neurology 42:1551-3, 1992.

5. Heneghan CP, Thornton C, Navarantnarajah M, Jones JG: Effect of isoflurane on the auditory evoked response in man. Br J Anaesth 59:277-82, 1987.

6. Jackler RK, Selesnick SH: Indications for cranial nerve monitoring during otologic and neurotologic surgery. Am J Otology 15:611-3, 1994.

+7. Jannetta PJ, Moller AR, Moller MB: Technique of hearing preservation in small acoustic neuromas. Ann Surg 200:513-23, 1984.

8. Little JR, Lesser. RP, Leuders H, Furlan AJ: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in posterior circulation surgery. Neurosurgery 12:496-502, 1983.

9. Luders H: Surgical monitoring with auditory evoked potentials. J Clin Neurophysiol 5:261-85, 1988.

*10. Moller AR: Monitoring auditory function during operations to remove acoustic tumors. American J Otology 17:452-60, 1996.

11. Picton TW: The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. J Clin Neurophysiol 9:456-79, 1992.

12. Radtke RA, Erwin CW, Wilkins RH: Intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked potentials: significant decrease in postoperative morbidity. Neurology 39:187-91, 1989.

13. Stechison MT: Neurophysiologic monitoring during cranial base surgery. J Neurooncol 20:313-25, 1994.

+14. Stockard JJ, Rossiter VS: Clinical and pathological correlates of brainstem auditory response abnormalities. Neurology 27:316-25, 1977.

*15. Yingling CD: Intraoperative monitoring of cranial nerves in skull base surgery, neurotology. Edited by Jackler RK. St. Louis, Mosby, pp. 967-1002, 1994.

Motor

1. Burke D, Hicks R, Stephen J, Woodforth I, Crawford M: Assessment of corticospinal and somatosensory conduction simultaneously during scoliosis surgery. Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 85:388-96, 1992.

2. Chokroverty S: Magnetic stimulation in clinical neurophysiology.  Boston, Butterworths, 1990.

3. Deletis V, Shils JL:  Neurophysiology in neurosurgery: a modern intraoperative approach.  Boston, Academic Press, 2002.

4. de Haan P, Kalkman CJ: Spinal cord monitoring: somatosensory- and motor-evoked potentials. Anesthesiol Clin North America 19(4):923-45, 2001.

5. Glassman SD, Zhang YP, Shields CB, Johnson JR, Linden RD: Transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials in scoliosis surgery. Orthopedics 18(10):1017-23, 1995.

6. Haghighi SS, Madsen R, Green KD, Oro JJ, Kracke GR: Suppression of motor evoked potentials by inhalation anesthetics. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 2:73-8, 1990.

+7. Herdmann J, Lumenta CB, Huse KOW: Magnetic stimulation for monitoring of motor pathways in spinal procedures. Spine 18:551-9, 1993.

8. Holland NR: Intraoperative electromyography during thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Spine 23(17):1915-22, 1998.

*9. Jones SJ, Harrison R, Koh KF, Mendoza N, Crockard HA: Motor evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery: responses of distal limb muscles to transcranial cortical stimulation of pulse trains. Electroenceph Clinc Neurophysiol 100:375-83, 1996.

+10. Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Kennelly NA, Patel PM, Partridge BL: Intraoperative monitoring of tibialis anterior muscle motor evoked responses to transcranial electrical stimulation during partial neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 75:584-9, 1992.

11. Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Ribberrink AA, Patel PM, Sano T, Bickford RG: Effects of propofol, etomidate, midazolam, and fentanyl on motor evoked responses to transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation in humans. Anesthesiology 76:502-9, 1992.

12. Kombos T, Suess O, Ciklatekerlio O, Brock M: Monitoring of intraoperative motor evoked potentials to increase the safety of surgery in and around the motor cortex. J Neurosurg 95(4):608-14, 2001.

+13. Kothbauer K, Schmid UD, Seiler RW, Eisner W: Intraoperative motor and sensory monitoring of the cauda equina. Neurosurgery 34:702-7, 1994.

14. Laschinger JC, Owen J, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL, Kouchoukos NT: Direct noninvasive monitoring of spinal cord motor function during thoracic aortic occlusion: use of motor evoked potentials. J Vasc Surg 7:161-71, 1988.

15. Legatt AD, Schroeder CE, Gill B, Goodrich JT: Electrical stimulation and multichannel EMG recording for identification of functional neural tissue during cauda equina surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 8:185-9, 1992.

+16. McQuillan FM, Newberg N: Intraoperative electromyography, intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. Edited by Russell GB, Rodichok LD. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 171-187, 1995.

*17. Owen JH: Intraoperative stimulation of the spinal cord for prevention of spinal cord injury. Adv Neurol 63:271-88, 1993.

18. Yang LH, Lin SM, Lee WY, Liu CC: Intraoperative transcranial electrical motor evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery under intravenous ketamine or etomidate anaesthesia. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 127:191-8, 1994.

19.  Zentner J, Albrecht T, Heuser D: Influence of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 31:298-305, 1992.

Somatosensory

1. Cunningham JN, Laschinger JC, Spencer FC: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. IV: clinical observations and results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:275-85, 1987.

2. Djuric S, Milenkovic Z, Klopcic-Spevak M, Spasic M: Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during intracranial surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 119:85-90, 1992.

+3. Eisen A: The somatosensory evoked potential. Can J Neurol Sci 9:65-77, 1982.

4. Epstein NE, Danto J, Nardi D: Evaluation of intraoperative somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring during 100 cervical operations. Spine 18:737-47, 1993.

5. Faberowski LW, Black S, Trankina MF, Pollard RJ, Clark RK, Mahla ME: Somatosensory-evoked potentials during aortic coarctation repair. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13:538-43, 1999.

6. Gigli GL, Caramina M, Marciana MG, Zarola F, Lavaroni F, Rossini PM: Monitoring of subcortical and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy: comparison with stump pressures. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 68:424-32, 1987.

7. Helmers SL, Hall JE: Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in pediatrics. J Pediatr Orthop 14:592-8, 1994.

8. King RB, Schell GR: Cortical localization and monitoring during cerebral operations. J Neurosurg 67:210-9, 1987.

9. Koyanagi I, Iwasaki Y, Isu T, Abe H, Akino M, Kuroda S: Spinal cord evoked potential monitoring after spinal cord stimulation during surgery of spinal cord tumors. Neurosurgery 33:451-9, 1993.

10. Manninen PH, Lam AM, Nantau WE: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during temporary arterial occlusion in cerebral aneurysm surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2:97-104, 1990.

11. Mooji JJ, Buchtal A, Belopavlovic M: Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion during aneurysm operation. Neurosurgery 21:492-6, 1987.

12. Nuwer MR: Spinal cord monitoring. Muscle Nerve 22(12):1620-30, 1999.

*13. Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, Kanim LE, Sherman JE: Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 96:6-11, 1995.

14. Schubert A, Drummond JC, Peterson DO, Saidman LJ: The effect of high-dose fentanyl on human median nerve somatosensory-evoked responses. Can J Anaesth 34:35-40, 1987.

15. Schubert A, Licina MG, Lineberry PJ: The effect of ketamine on human somatosensory evoked potentials and its modification by nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 72:33-9, 1990.

*16. Schwartz DM, Sestokas AK, Wierzbowski LR: Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during surgery for spinal stability. Seminars in Spine Surgery 8:318-31, 1996.

+17. Sloan TB, Ronai AK, Toleikis JR, Koht A: Improvement of intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials by etomidate. Anesth Analg 67:582-5, 1988.

Visual Evoked Response

*1. Cedzich C, Schramm J, Mengedoht CF, Fahlbusch R: Factors that limit the use of visual evoked potentials for surgical monitoring. Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 71:142-5, 1988.

2. Chi OZ, McCoy CL, Field C: Effects of fentanyl anesthesia on visual evoked potentials in humans. Anesthesiology 67:827-30, 1987.

+3. Costa e Silva I, Wang AD-J, Symon L: The application of flash visual evoked potentials during operations on the anterior visual pathways. Neurol Res 7:11-6, 1985.

4. Harding GFA, Bland JDP, Smith VH: Visual evoked potential monitoring of optic nerve function during surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:890-5, 1990.

*5. Jones NS: Visual evoked potentials in endoscopic and anterior skull base surgery: a review. J Laryngol Otol 111:513-6, 1997.

6. Reilly EL, Kondo C, Brunberg JA, Doty DB: Visual evoked potentials during hypothermia and prolonged circulatory arrest. Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 45:100-6, 1978.

7. Tobimatsu S, Shima F, Ishido K, Kato M: Visual evoked potentials in the vicinity of the optic tract during stereotactic pallidotomy. Electroencephalog Clinc Neurophysiol 104:274-9, 1997.

8. Uhl RR, Squires KC, Bruce DL, Starr A: Effect of halothane anesthesia on the human cortical visual evoked response. Anesthesiology 53:273-6, 1980.

+9. York DH, Pulliam MW, Resenfeld JG, Watts C: Relationship between visual evoked potentials and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 55:909-16, 1981.