General Physiology Methods

1. Antognini JF, Wang XW, Carstens E. Isoflurane action in the spinal cord blunts electroencephalographic and thalamic-reticular formation responses to noxious stimulation in goats. Anesthesiology 92:559-566, 2000.

2. Bickford RG, Fleming NI, Billinger TW: Compression of EEG data. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 96:118-122, 1971.

3. Bischoff P, Scharein E, Schmidt GN, von Knobelsdorff G, Bromm B, Esch JS: Topography of clonidine-induced electroencephalographic changes evaluated by principal component analysis. Anesthesiology 92:1545-1552, 2000.

4. Bruhn J, Ropcke H, Hoeft A. Approximate entropy as an electroencephalographic measure of anesthetic drug effect during desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 92:715-726, 2000.

*5. Caton R: The electric currents of the brain. Brit Med J 2:278, 1975.

6. Epstein CM, Brickley GP: Interelectrode distance and amplitude of the scalp EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 60:287-292, 1985.

7. Gan TJ, Glass PS, Windsor A, Payne F, Rosow C, Sebel P, Manberg P: Bispectral index monitoring allows faster emergence and improved recovery from propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 87:808-815, 1997.

*8. Glass PS, Bloom M, Kearse L, Rosow C, Sebel P, Manberg P: Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isoflurane, and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 86:836-847, 1997.

9. Green RM, Messick WJ, Ricotta JJ, Charlton MH, Satran R, McBride MM, DeWeese JA: Benefits, shortcomings, and costs of EEG monitoring. Ann Surg 201:785-792, 1985.

10. Homan RW, Herman J, Purdy P: Cerebral location of international 10-20 system electrode placement. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 66:376-382, 1987.

11. Iselin-Chaves IA, El Moalem HE, Gan TJ, Ginsberg B, Glass PS: Changes in the auditory evoked potentials and the bispectral index following propofol or propofol and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 92:1300-1310, 2000.

12. Jasper HH: The Ten-Twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin neurophysiol 10:371-375, 1958.

*13. Kissin I: Depth of anesthesia and bispectral index monitoring. Anesth Analg 90:1114-1117, 2000.

14. Levy WJ: Intraoperative EEG patterns: implications for EEG monitoring. Anesthesiology 60:430-434, 1984.

15. Levy WJ: Effect of epoch length on power spectrum analysis of the EEG. Anesthesiology 66:489-495, 1987.

16. Levy WJ, Shapiro HM, Maruchak G, Meathe E: Automated EEG processing for intraoperative monitoring: a comparison of techniques. Anesthesiology 53:223-236, 1980.

*17. Martin JH: The collective electrical behavior of cortical neurons: the electroencephalogram and the mechanisms of epilepsy. Principles of neural science, 3^rd Ed. Edited by ER Kandel, JH Schwartz and TM Jessell. New York, Elsevier, pp 777-791, 1991.

18. McCann ME, Brustowicz RM, Bacsik J, Sullivan L, Auble SG, Laussen PC: The bispectral index and explicit recall during the intraoperative wake-up test for scoliosis surgery. Anesth Analg 94(6):1474-8, 2002.

19. McMeniman WJ, Purcell GJ: Neurological monitoring during anaesthesia and surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 16:358-367, 1988.

*20. Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva F: Electroencephalogrphy: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 3^rd Ed. Baltimore, Williams & Williams, 1993.

*21. Nunez PL: Electric Fields of the Brain: The Neurophysics of EEG, New York, Oxford, 1981.

*22. Pronk RA, Simons AJ: Processing of the electroencephalogram in cardiac surgery. Comput Programs Biomed 18:181-189, 1984.

*23. Rampil IJ: A primer for EEG signal processing in anesthesia. Anesthesiology 89:980-1002, 1998.

*+24. Rampil IJ: What every neuroanesthesiologist should know about electroencephalograms and computerized monitors. Anesth Clin N Am 10:683-718, 1992.

25. Rampil IJ, Holzer JA, Quest DO, Rosenbaum SH, Correll JW: Prognostic value of computerized EEG analysis during carotid endarterectomy. Anesth Analg 62:186-192, 1983.

26. Rampil IJ, Mason P, Singh H: Anesthetic potency (MAC) is independent of forebrain structures in the rat. Anesthesiology 78:707-712, 1993.

27. Schulte am Esch J, Kochs E: Central nervous system monitoring in anesthesia and intensive care. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1994.

28. Sebel PS, Lang E, Rampil IJ, White PF, Cork R, Jopling M, Smith NT, Glass PS, Manberg P: A multicenter study of bispectral electroencephalogram analysis for monitoring anesthetic effect. Anesth Analg 84:891-899, 1997.

29. Sigl JC, Chamoun N: An introduction to bispectral analysis for the electroencephalogram. J Clin Monit 10:392-404, 1994.

30. Sleigh JW, Donovan J: Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia. Brit J Anaesth 82:666-671, 1999.

31. Spackman TN, Faust RJ, Cucchiara RF, Sharbrough FW: A comparison of aperiodic analysis of the EEG with standard EEG and cerebral blood flow for detection of ischemia. Anesthesiology 66:229-231, 1987.

32. Young WL, Moberg RS, Omstein E, Matteo RS, Pedley TA, Correll JW, Quest DO, Schwartz AE: Electroencephalographic monitoring for ischemia during carotid endarterectomy: visual versus computer analysis. J Clin Monit 4:78-85, 1988.

Intraoperative EEG, Drug Effects

1. Adams DC, Heyer EJ, Emerson RG, Moeller JR, Spotnitz HM, Smith DH, Delphin E, Turner C: The reliability of quantitative electroencephalography as an indicator of cerebral ischemia. Anesth Analg 81:80-83, 1995.

+2. Ahn SS, Concepcion B: Intraoperative monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Semin Vasc Surg 8:29-37, 1995.

3. Bannister CF, Brosius KK, Sigl JC, Meyer BJ, Sebel PS: The effect of bispectral index monitoring on anesthetic use and recovery in children anesthetized with sevoflurane in nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 92(4):877-81, 2001.

*4. Blume WT, Ferguson GG, McNeill DK: Significance of EEG changes at carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 17:891-897, 1986.

5. Bonhomme V, Plourde G, Meuret P, Fiset P, Backman SB: Auditory steady-state response and bispectral index for assessing level of consciousness during propofol sedation and hypnosis. Anesth Analg 91(6):1398-403, 2000.

*6. Clark DL, Hosick EC, Rosner BS: Neurophysiological effects of different anesthetics in unconscious man. J Appl Physiol 31:884-891, 1971.

7. Doyle PW, Matta BF: Burst suppression or isoelectric encephalogram for cerebral protection: evidence from metabolic suppression studies. Brit J Anaesth 83:580-584, 1999.

8. Dwyer RC, Rampil IJ, Eger El II, Bennett HL: The electroencephalogram does not predict depth of isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 81:403-409, 1994.

9. Fiori L, Parenti G: Electrophysiological monitoring for selective shunting during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:168-173, 1995.

10. Flaishon R, Windsor A, Sigl J, Sebel PS: Recovery of consciousness after thiopental or propofol. Bispectral index and isolated forearm technique.
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11. Fode NC, Sundt TJ, Robertson JT, Peerless SJ, Shields CB: Multicenter retrospective review of results and complications of carotid endarterectomy in 1981. Stroke 17:370-376, 1986.

12. Hirota K, Kubota T, Ishihara H, Masuki A: The effects of nitrous oxide and ketamine on the bispectral index and 95% spectral edge frequency during propofol-fentanyl anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 16(11):779-83, 1999.

13. Johansen JW, Sebel PS, Sigl JC: Clinical impact of hypnotic-titration guidelines based on EEG bispectral index (BIS) monitoring during routine anesthetic care.
J Clin Anesth 12(6):433-43, 2000.

14. Kaieda R, Todd MM, Warner DS: The effects of anesthetics and PaCO₂ on the cerebrovascular, metabolic, and electroencephalographic responses to nitrous oxide in the rabbit. Anesth Analg 68:135-143, 1989.

15. Katoh T, Bito H, Sato S: Influence of age on hypnotic requirement, bispectral index, and 95% spectral edge frequency associated with sedation induced by sevoflurane. Anesthesiology 92:55-61, 2000.

16. Kearse LA jr, Manberg P, Chamoun N, deBros F, Zaslavsky A: Bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram correlates with patient movement to skin incision during propofol/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 81:1365-1370, 1994.

17. Kiersey DK, Bickford RG, Faulconer AJ: Electroencephalographic patterns produced by thiopental sodium during surgical operations: descriptions and classification. Brit J Anaesth 23:141-152, 1951.

18. Kochs E, Bischoff P, Pichlmeier U, Schulte am Esch J: Surgical stimulation induces changes in brain electrical activity during isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. A topographic electroencephalographic analysis. Anesthesiology 80:1026-1034, 1994.

19. Kofke WA, Young RS, Davis P, Woelfel SK, Gray L, Johnson D, Gelb A, Meeke R, Warner DS, Pearson KS: Isoflurane for refractory status epilepticus: a clinical series. Anesthesiology 71:653-659, 1989.

20. Lam AM, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, Nantau W: Monitoring electrophysiologic function during carotid endarterectomy: a comparison of somatosensory evoked potentials and conventional electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 75:15-21, 1991.

21. Leslie K, Sessler DI, Schroeder M, Walters K: Propofol blood concentration and the Bispectral Index predict suppression of learning during propofol/epidural anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg 81(6):1269-74, 1995.

22. Messick JJ, Casement B, Sharbrough FW, Milde LN, Michenfelder JD, Sundt TJ: Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with EEG changes during isoflurane anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: critical rCBF. Anesthesiology 66:344-349, 1987.

23. Mola M, Collice M, Levati A: Continuous intraoperative electroencephalographic monitoring in carotid endarterectomy. Eur Neurol 25:53-60, 1986.

24. Morawetz RB, Zeiger HE, McDowell HJ, McKay RD, Varner PD, Gelman S, Halsey JH: Correlation of cerebral blood flow and EEG during carotid occlusion for endarerectomy (without shunting) and neurologic outcome. Surgery 96:184-189, 1984.

25. Musella L, Wilder BJ, Schmidt RP: Electroencephalographic activation with intravenous methohexital in psychomotor epilepsy. Neurology 21:594-602, 1971.

26. Newberg LA, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: The cerebral metabolic effects of isoflurane at and above concentrations that suppress cortical electrical activity. Anesthesiology 59:23-28, 1983.

27. Quasha AL, Tinker JH, Sharbrough FW: Hypothermia plus thiopental: prolonged electroencephalographic suppression. Anesthesiology 55:636-640, 1981.

28. Rampil IJ, Matteo RS: Changes in spectral edge frequency correlate with the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. Anesthesiology 67:139-142, 1987.

29. Rampil IJ, Lockhart SH, Eger El II, Yasuda N, Weiskopf RB, Cahalan MK: The electroencephalographic effects of desflurane in humans. Anesthesiology 74:434-439, 1991.

30. Ropcke H, Rehberg B, Koenen-Bergmann M, Bouillon T, Bruhn J, Hoeft A: Surgical stimulation shifts EEG concentration-response relationship of desflurane. Anesthesiology 94(3):390-9, discussion 5A, 2001.

31. Scheller MS, Nakakimura K, Fleischer JE, Zornow MH: Cerebral effects of sevoflurane in the dog: comparison with isoflurane and enflurane. Brit J Anaesth 65:388-392, 1990.

32. Scott JC, Ponganis KV, Stanski D: EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 62:234-241, 1985.

33. Sharbrough FW, Messick JMJ, Sundt TMJ: Correlation of continuous electroencephalograms with cerebral blood flow measurements during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 4:674-683, 1973.

34. Sloan TB: Anesthetic effects on electrophysiologic recordings. J Clin Neurophysiol 15(3):217-26, 1998.

35. Stockard JJ, Bickford RG: The neurophysiology of anaesthesia. A Basis and Practice of Neuroanaesthesia, 2^nd Ed. Edited by Gordon E. Amsteradam, Excerpta Medica, pp 3-49, 1981.

36. Spencer EM, Green JL, Willatts SM: Continuous monitoring of depth of sedation by EEG spectral analysis in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Brit J Anaesth 73:649-654, 1994.

37. Stoughton J, Nath RL, Abbott WM: Comparison of simultaneous electroencephalographic and mental status monitoring during carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia. J Vasc Surg 28(6):1014-21; discussion 1021-3, 1998.

38. Struys MM, De Smet T, Versichelen LF, Van De Velde S, Van den Broecke R, Mortier EP: Comparison of closed-loop controlled administration of propofol using Bispectral Index as the controlled variable versus "standard practice" controlled administration. Anesthesiology 95(1):6-17, 2001.

39. Struys MM, Jensen EW, Smith W, Smith NT, Rampil I, Dumortier FJ, Mestach C, Mortier EP: Performance of the ARX-derived auditory evoked potential index as an indicator of anesthetic depth: a comparison with bispectral index and hemodynamic measures during propofol administration. Anesthesiology 96(4):803-16, 2002.

40. Tinker JH, Sharbrough FW, Michenfelder JD: Anterior shift of the dominant EEG rhythm during anesthesia in the Java monkey: correlation with anesthetic potency. Anesthesiology 46:252-259, 1977.

41. Trojaborg W, Boysen G: Relation between EEG, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 34:61-69, 1973.

42. Wauquier A, Bovill JG, Sebel PS: Electroencephalographic effects of fentanyl-, sufentanil- and alfentanil anaesthesia in man. Neuropsychobiology 11:203-206, 1984.

43. Winer JW, Rosenwasser RH, Jimenez F: Electroencephalographic activity and serum and cerebrospinal fluid pentobarbital levels in determining the therapeutic end point during barbiturate coma. Neurosurgery 29:739-741, 1991.

44. Woodcock TE, Murkin JM, Farrar JK, Tweed WA, Guiraudon GM, McKenzie FN: Pharmacologic EEG suppression during cardiopulmonary bypass: cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic effects of thiopental or isoflurane during hypothermia and normothermia. Anesthesiology 67:218-224, 1987.

45. Young GA, Khazan N: Differential neuropharmacological effects of mu, kappa and sigma opioid agonists on cortical EEG power spectra in the rat. Stereospecificity and naloxone antagonism. Neuroharmacology 23:1161-1165, 1984.

46. Young WL, Moberg RS, Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Pedley TA, Correll JW, Quest DO, Schwartz AE: Electroencephalographic monitoring for ischemia during carotid endarterectomy: visual versus computer analysis. J Clin Monit 4:78-85, 1988.

47. Young WL, Ornstein E: Compressed spectral array EEG monitoring during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Anesthesiology 62:535-538, 1985.

48. Young WL, Solomon RA, Pedley TA, Ross L, Schwartz AE, Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Ostapkovich N: Direct cortical EEG monitoring during temporary vascular occlusion for cerebral aneurysm surgery. Anesthesiology 71:794-799, 1989.

49. Zampella E, Morawetz RB, McDowell HA, Zeiger HE, Varner PD, McKay RD, Halsey JHJ: The importance of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 29:727-730, 1991.