University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

General

1. Adams JH, Jennett B, McLellan DR, Murray LS, Graham DI: The neuropathology of the vegetative state after head injury. J Clin Pathol 52(11):804-806, 1999.

2. Albert ML, Silverbert R, Reches A, Berman M: Cerebral dominance for consciousness.  Arch Neurol 33:453-454, 1976.

3. Allen N: Life or death of the brain after cardiac arrest. Neurology 27:805-806, 1977.

4. American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine: Recommendations for use of uniform nomenclature pertinent to patients with severe alterations in consciousness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76:205-209, 1995.

5. Andrews K: Vegetative state--background and ethics. J R Soc Med 90:593-596, 1997.

*+6. Anonymous: Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (1). The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. N Engl J Med 330:1499-1508, 1994.

+7. Areiff AI, Carroll JH: Non-Ketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia: clinical features, pathophysiology, renal function, acid-base balance, plasma-cerebrospinal fluid equilibria, and the effects of therapy in 37 cases. Medicine 51:73-94, 1972.

*8. Ashwal S, Eyman RK, Call TL: Life expectancy of children in a persistent vegetative state. Pediatric Neurology 10:27-33, 1994.

9. Austin EJ, Wilkus RJ, Longstreth WT Jr: Etiology and prognosis of alpha coma. Neurology 38:773-777, 1988.

10. Bailey PL: Concerning the localization of consciousness. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 80:1-12, 1955.

11. Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Soldini M, Marziali M, Bellomo G, Belloni G, Grisorio B, Annese M, Bacca D, Barbarini G: Flumazenil for hepatic coma in patients with liver cirrhosis: an Italian multicentre double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Eur J Emerg Med 5:213-218, 1998.

*12. Bassetti C, Bomio F, Mathis J, Hess CW: Early prognosis in coma after cardiac arrest: a prospective clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical study of 60 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg & Psych 61:610-615, 1996.

13. Bates D, Caronna JJ, Cartlidge NEF, Knill-Jones RP, Levy DE, Shaw DA, Plum F: A prospective study of nontraumatic coma: methods and results in 310 patients. Ann Neurol 2:211-220, 1977.

*+14. Bates D: The management of medical coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:589-598, 1993.

15. Bates D: Persistent vegetative state and brain stem death. Curr Opin Neurol 10:502-505, 1997.

16. Bateman DE: Neurological assessment of coma. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 71:13-7, 2001.

*17. Bauer TM, Ritz R, Haberthur C, Ha HR, Hunkeler W, Sleight AJ, Scollo-Lavizzari G, Haefeli WE: Prolonged sedation due to accumulation of conjugated metabolites of midazolam. Lancet 346:145-147, 1995.

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+19. Bell JA, Hodgson HFJ: Coma after cardiac arrest. Brain 97:361-372, 1974.

20. Ben-Ami H, Nagachandran P, Mendelson A, Edoute Y: Drug-induced hypoglycemic coma in 102 diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med 159:281-284, 1999.

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22. Brierley JB, Graham DI, Adams JH: Neocortical death after cardiac arrest. Lancet 2:560-565, 1971.

23. Cairns H: Disturbances of consciousness with lesions of the brain stem and diencephalon. Brain 75:109-146, 1942.

24. Carlsson CA, Von Essen C, Lofgren J: Factors affecting the clinical course of patients with severe head injuries. Part 1. Influence of biological factors. Part 2. Significance of post-traumatic coma. J Neurosurg 29:242-251, 1968.

25. Cartlidge N: States related to or confused with coma. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 71:18-9, 2001.

26. Caronna JJ, Ougorets I: Cost effectiveness of aggressive care in nontraumatic coma. Crit Care Med 30:1382-1383, 2002.

27. Childs NL, Mercer WN: Brief report: late improvement in consciousness after post-traumatic vegetative state. N Engl J Med 334: 24-25, 1996.

28. Cooper JB, Jane JA, Alves WM, Cooper EB: Right median nerve electrical stimulation to hasten awakening from coma. Brain Injury 13:261-7, 1999.

29. Crompton MR, Teare RD, Bowern DAL: Prolonged coma after head injury. Lancet 2:938-940, 1966.

+30. Dandy WE: The location of the conscious center in the brain-the corpus striatum. Bull J Hopkins Hosp 79:34-58, 1946.

31. Danze F, Veys B, Lebrun T, Sailly JC, Sinquin JP, Rigaux P, Lenne X, Parge F: Prognostic factors of post-traumatic vegetative states:522 cases. Neurochirurgie 40:348-357, 1994.

32. Deutsch G, Eisenberg HM: Frontal blood flow changes in recovery from coma. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:29-34, 1987.

33. Dougherty JH Jr, Rawlinson D, Levy D: Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and the vegetative state. Clinical and neuropathologic correlation. Neurology 29:591, 1979.

*34. Edgren E, Hedstrand U, Kelsey S, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Safar P: Assessment of neurological prognosis in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. BRCT Study Group 343:1055-1059, 1994.

35. Fang JF, Chen RJ, Lin BC, Hsu YB, Kao JL, Kao YC, Chen MF: Prognosis in presumptive hypoxic-ischemic coma in nonneurologic trauma. J Trauma 47:1122-5, 1999.

36. Feldman MH, Sahrmann S: The decerebrate state in the primate. 2. Studies in man. Arch Neurol 25:517-525, 1971.

37. Finkelstein S, Caronna JJ: Outcome of coma following cardiac arrest. Neurology 27:367-368, 1977.

38. Fischer J, Mathieson C: The history of the Glasgow Coma Scale: implications for practice. Crit Care Nurs Q 23:52-58, 2001.

39. Fischer JE, Rosen HM, Ebeid AM, James JH, Keane JM, Soeters PB: The effect of normalization of plasma amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in man. Surgery 80:77-91, 1976.

40. Forsyth R, Baxter P, Elliott T: Routine intracranial pressure monitoring in acute coma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3:CD002043, 2001.

41. Gerber T, Schomerus H: Hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Drugs 60:1353-1370, 2000.

42. Haddad A: Ethics in action. The family of a comatose, ventilator-dependent patient insists that all forms of treatment be continued. RN 63:25-8, 2000.

43. Hamel MB, Phillips R, Teno J, Davis RB, Goldman L, Lynn J, Desbiens N, Connors AF Jr, Tsevat J: Cost effectiveness of aggressive care for patients with nontraumatic coma.Critical Care Medicine 30:1191-6, 2002.

*+44. Hamel MB, Goldman L, Teno J. Lynn J, Davis RB, Harrell FE Jr, Connors AF Jr, Califf R, Kussin P, Bellamy P: Identification of comatose patients at high risk for death or severe disability. SUPPORT Investigators. Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. JAMA 273:1842-1848, 1995.

45. Hoffenberg R, Lock M, Tilney N, et al: Should organs from patients in permanent vegetative state be used for transplatation? International Forum for Transplant Ethics. Lancet 350:1320-1321, 1997.

46. Hopkins A: Pretending to be unconscious. Lancet 2:312-314, 1973.

47. Ingvar DH, Brun A, Johansson L, Samuelsson SM: Survival after severe cerebral anoxia with destruction of the cerebral cortex: the apallic syndrome, Ann NY Acad Sci 17:184-214, 1978.

48. Iserson KV: Sperm donation from a comatose, dying man. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 7:209-213; discussion 213-217, 1998.

49. Jacobson SA: Protracted unconsciousness due to closed head injury. Neurology 6:281-287, 1956.

50. Jennett B, Adams JH, Murray LS, Graham DI: Neuropathology in vegetative and severely disabled patients after head injury. Neurology 56:486-490, 2001.

51. Jennett B: The vegetative state. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:355-357, 2002.

52. Jennett B, Plum F: The persistent vegetative state: a syndrome in search of a name. Lancet 1:734-737, 1972.

53. Jensen DM: Portal-systemic encephalopathy and hepatic coma. Med Clin North Am 70:1081-1092, 1986.

54. Jordan RM: Myxedema coma. Pathophysiology, therapy, and factors affecting prognosis. Med Clin North Am 79:185-194, 1995.

55. Kaplan PW, Genoud D, Ho TW, Jallon P: Etiology, neurologic correlations, and prognosis in alpha coma. Clin Neurophysiol 110:205-213, 1999.

56. Keswani SC, Wityk R: Don't throw in the towel! A case of reversible coma. Journal of Neurol Neurosurg Psyciatrt 73:83-4, 2002.

*57. Kinney HC, Korein J, Panigrahy A, Dikkes P, Goode R: Neuropathological findings in the brain of Karen Ann Quinlan. The role of the thalamus in the persistent vegetative state. N Engl J Med 330:1469-1475, 1994.

58. Kirkham FJ: Non-traumatic coma in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 85:303-12, 2001.

59. Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Weiss HD: Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relation to seizures and myoclonus. Neurology 38:401-405, 1988.

*60. Levin HS, Gary HE Jr, Eisenberg HM: Duration of impaired consciousness in relation to side of lesion after severe head injury. NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank Research Group. Lancet 1:1001-1003, 1989.

*61. Levin HS, Saydjari C, Eisenberg HM, Foulkes M, Marshall LF, Ruff RM, Jane JA, Marmarou A: Vegetative state after closed-head injury. A Traumatic Coma Data Bank Report. Arch Neurol 48:580-585, 1991.

62. Levy DE, Knill-Jones RP, Plum F: The vegetative state and its prognosis following nontraumatic coma. Ann NY Acad Sci 315:293-306, 1978.

63. Lombardi F, Taricco M, De Tanti A, Telaro E, Liberati A: Sensory stimulation for brain injured individuals in coma or vegetative state. Crit Care Med 30:1382-1383, 2002.    

64. Liu GT: Coma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 10:579-586, 1999.

65. Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Gomez PA, Castaneda M, Canizal JM, Sarabia R, Cabrera A, Munoz MJ: Head-injured patients who talk and deteriorate into coma: analysis of 211 cases studied with computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 75:256-261, 1991.

66. McCormack G, Fenelon LE, Sheehan K, McCormick PA: Postpartum coma. Lancet 351:1700, 1998.

67. Mesulam MM, Geschwing N: Disordered mental states in the postoperative period. Urol Clin North Am 3:99-215, 1976.

68. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346:549-556, 2002.

69. Mitchell S, Bradley VA, Welch JL, Britton PG: Coma arousal procedure: a therapeutic intervention in the treatment of head injury. Brain Injury 4:273-279, 1990.

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71. Ng HK, Mahaliyana RD, Poon WS: The pathological spectrum of diffuse axonal injury in blunt head trauma: assessment with axon and myelin strains. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 96:24-31, 1994.

*72. Niedermeyer E: Consciousness: function and definition. Clin Electroencephalogr 25:86-93, 1994.

73. Niskanen M, Kari A, Nikki P, Iisalo E, Kaukinen L, Rauhala V, Saarela E, Halinen M: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) and Glasgow coma scores as predictors of outcome from intensive care after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 19:1465-1473, 1991.

74. Ostrum AE: The 'locked-in' syndrome-comments from a survivor. Activities of Daily Living. Brain Injury 8:95-98, 1994.

75. Paillas JE, Sedan R, Bonnel J: On the changes of consciousness produced by subtentorial lesions. Acta Neurochir 12:315-388, 1965.

76. Pallis C: Prognostic significance of a dead brainstem. Br Med J 286:123-124, 1983.

77. Payne K, Taylor RM, Stocking C, Sachs GA: Physicians' attitudes about the care of patients in the persistent vegetative state: a national survey. Ann Intern Med 125:104-110, 1996.

+78. Plum F, Posner JB, Hain RF: Delayed neurological deterioration after anoxia. Arch Intern Med 110:18-25, 1962.

+79. Plum F, Posner JB: The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia, F.A. Davis, 1980.

*80. Rogove HJ, Safar P, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Abramson NS: Old age does not negate good cerebral outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: analyses from the brain resuscitation clinical trials. The Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial I and II Study Groups. Crit Care Med 23:18-25, 1995.

81. Rosenberg ML: Spontaneous vertical eye movements in coma. Ann Neurol 20:635-637, 1986.

82. Rothstein TL, Thomas EM, Sumi SM: Predicting outcome in hypoxic-ischemic coma: a prospective clinical and electrophysiologic study. Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 79:101-107, 1991.

83. Rudolf J, Ghaemi M, Ghaemi M, Haupt WF, Szelies B, Heiss W: Cerebral glucose metabolism in acute and persistent vegetative state. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11:17-24, 1999.

84. Scollo-Lavizzari G, Bassetti C: Prognostic value of EEG in post-anoxic coma after cardiac arrest. Eur Neurol 26:161-170, 1987.

85. Shewmon DA: Coma prognosis in children. Part I: definitional and methodological challenges. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 7:457-66, 2000.

86. Shewmon DA: Coma prognosis in children. Part II: clinical application. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 17:467-72, 2000.

87. Snyder BD, Ramirez-Lassepas M, Lippert DM: Neurologic status and prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest: 1. A retrospective study. Neurology 27:807-811, 1977.

*88. Snyder JV, Colantonio A: Outcome from central nervous system injury. Crit Care Clin 10:217-228, 1994.

89. Sunderland S: The tentorial notch and complications produced by herniations of the brain through that aperture. Br J Surg 45:422-438, 1958

90. Tang-Wai DF, Wijdicks EF: Pituitary apoplexy presenting as postoperative stupor. Neurology. 58:500-1, 2002.

91. Tatman A, Warren A, Williams A, Powell JE, Whitehouse W: Development of a modified paediatric coma scale in intensive care clinical practice. Arch Dis Child 77:519-521, 1997.

92. Teasdale G, Knill-Jones R, Van Der Sande J: Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41:603-610, 1978.

*+93. The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (2). N Engl J Med 330:1572-1579, 1994.

94. Tomassen W, Kamphuisen HA: Alpha coma. J Neurol Sci 76:1-11,1986.

95. Tommasino C, Grana C, Lucignani G, Torri G, Fazio F: Regional cerebral metabolism of glucose in comatose and vegetative state patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:109-116, 1995.

96. Towne AR, Waterhouse EJ, Boggs JG, Garnett LK, Brown AJ, Smith JR Jr, DeLorenzo RJ: Prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology 54:340-5, 2000.

+97. Tsitouras PD: Myxedema coma. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 11:251-258, 1995.

98. Turazzi S, Bricolo A: Acute pontine syndromes following head injury. Lancet 2:62-64, 1977.

*99. Van de Kelft E, Segnarbieux F, Candon E, Couchet P, Frerebeau P, Daures JP: Clinical recovery of consciousness after traumatic coma. Crit Care Med 22:1108-1113, 1994.

100. Van Harreveld A, Tachibana S: Recovery of cerebral cortex from asphyxiation. Am J Physiol 202:59-65, 1962.

101. Vivien B, Paqueron X, Le Cosquer P, Langeron O, Coriat P, Riou B: Detection of brain death onset using the bispectral index in severely comatose patients. Intensive Care Med 28:419-25, 2002.

102. Wade DT, Johnston C: The permanent vegetative state: practical guidance on diagnosis and management. BMJ 319:841-844, 1999.

103. Walker AE, Diamond EL, Moseby J: The neuropathological findings in irreversible coma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 34:295-323, 1975.

104. Wallays C, Feve A, Boudghene F, Fenelon G, Guillard A, Bigot JM: Hypoxic cerebral lesions. X-ray computed tomography and MRI aspects. Apropos of 20 cases. Selective vulnerability of the striatopallidum. J Neuroradiol 22:77-85, 1995.

105. Wallis WE, Willoughby E, Baker P: Coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Lancet 2:400-401, 1978.

106. Weinbroum A, Rudick V, Sorkine P, Nevo Y, Halpern P, Geller E, Niv D: Use of flumazenil in the treatment of drug overdose: a double-blind and open clinical study in 110 patients. Crit Care Med 24:199-206, 1996.

107. Wilkins IA, Menon DK, Matta BF: Management of comatose head-injured patients: are we getting any better? Anaesthesia. 56:350-2, 2001.

108. Willoughby JO, Leach BG: Relation of neurological findings after cardiac arrest to outcome. Br Med J 3:437-439, 1974.

109. Wong CP, Forsyth RJ, Kelly TP, Eyre JA: Incidence, aetiology, and outcome of non-traumatic coma: a population based study. Arch Dis Child 84:193-199, 2001.

110. Yarnell PR: Neurological outcome of prolonged coma survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Stroke 7:279-282, 1976.

111. Young GB: The EEG in coma. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 17:473-85, 2000.

112. Young GB: Ethics in the intensive care unit with emphasis on medical futility in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 17:453-6, 2000.

113. Young GB, Gilbert JJ, Zochodne DW: The significance of myoclonic status epilepticus in postanoxic coma. Neurology 40:1843-1848, 1990.

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115. Zeman A: Persistent vegetative state. Lancet 350:795-799, 1997.

Diagnostic Tests

1. Andrews PJD, Dearden NM, Miller JD: Jugular bulb cannulation: description of a cannulation technique and validation of a new continuous monitor. Brit J Anaesth 67:553-558, 1991.

2. Bateman DE: Neurological assessment of coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:i13-17, 2001.

3. Bennett DR, Hughes JR, Korein J: Atlas of electroencephalography in coma and cerebral death, EEG at the Bedside or in the Intensive Care Unit. New York, Raven Press, 1976.

4. Berkhoff M, Donati F, Bassetti C: Postanoxic alpha (theta) coma: a reappraisal of its prognostic significance. Clin Neurophysiol 111:297-304, 2000.

5. Britt CW Jr: Nontraumatic "spindle coma": clinical, EEG, and prognostic features. Neurology 31:393-397, 1981.

6. Cartlidge N: States related to or confused with coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:i18-19, 2001.

7. Chesnut RM: Appropriate use of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients: a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores. J Trauma 42:345, 1997.

8. Chiappa KH, Hill RA: Evaluation and prognostication in coma. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 106:149-155, 1998.

9. Childs NL, Mercer WN, Childs HW: Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state. Neurology 43:1465-1467, 1993. Comment in: Neurology 43:1457-1458, 1993.

10.  Cho DY, Wang YC: Comparison of the APACHE III, APACHE II and Glasgow Coma  Scale in acute head injury for prediction of mortality and functional outcome.  Intensive Care Med 23:77-84, 1997.

11.  Cruz J, Miner ME, Allen SJ, Alves WM, Gennarelli TA: Continuous monitoring  of cerebral oxygenation in acute brain injury: injection of mannitol during  hyperventilation. J Neurosurg 73:725-730, 1990.

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13. Duffy GP: Lumbar puncture in the presence of raised intracranial pressure. Brit Med J 1:407-409, 1969.

14. Fisher CM:The neurological examination of the comatose patient. Acta Neurol Scand 45:S1-S56, 1969.

15. Fogel W, Krieger D, Veith M, Adams HP, Hund E, Storch-Hagenlocher B, Buggle F, Mathias D, Hacke W: Serum neuron-specific enolase as early predictor of outcome after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 25:1133-1138, 1997.

16. Ford FR, Walsh FB: Tonic deviations of the eyes produced by movements of the head. Arch Ophthalmol 23:1274-1284, 1940.

17. Forsyth R, Baxter P, Elliott T: Routine intracranial pressure monitoring in acute coma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002043, 2001.

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21. Houlden DA, Li C, Schwartz ML, Katic M: Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and the Glasgow Coma Scale as predictors of outcome in comatose patients with head injuries. Neurosurgery 27:701-707; discussion 707-708, 1990.

22. Hulihan JF jr, Syna DR: Electroencephalographic sleep patterns in post-anoxic stupor and coma. Neurology 44:758-760, 1994.

23. Hume AL, Cant BR, Shaw NA: Central somatosensory conduction time in comatose patients. Ann Neurol 5:379-384, 1979.

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25. Kampfl A, Schmutzhard E, Franz G, Pfausler B, Haring HP, Ulmer H, Felber S, Golaszewski S, Aichrer F: Prediction of recovery from post-traumatic vegetative state with cerebral magnetic-resonance imaging. Lancet 351:1763-1777, 1998.

26. Kapp I, Paulson G: Pupillary changes induced by circulatory arrest. Neurology 16:225-229, 1966.

27. Karnaze DS, Marshall LF, Bickford RG: EEG monitoring of clinical coma; spectral array. Nurology 32:289-292, 1982.

28. Kofke WA, Darby JD: Evaluation and certification of brain death. Textbook of Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care. Edited by Grande C. Mosby, St Louis, 1993.

29. Kmietowicz Z: New technique helps to assess vegetative state. Bmj 321:196, 2000.

30. Korein J, Cravioto H, Leicach M: Reevaluation of lumbar puncture: a study of 129 patients with papilledema or intracranial hypertension. Neurology 9:290-297, 1959.

31. Lew HL, Dikmen S, Slimp J, Temkin N, Lee EH, Newell D, Robinson LR: Use of somatosensory-evoked potentials and cognitive event-related potentials in predicting outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82: 53-61, 2003.

32. Macmillan CS, Andrews PJ, Easton VJ: Increased jugular bulb saturation is associated with poor outcome in traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70:101-104, 2001.

33. Madl C, Kramer L, Domanovits H, Woolard RH, Gervais H, Gendo A, Eisenhuber E, Grimm G, Sterz F: Improved outcome prediction in unconscious cardiac arrest survivors with sensory evoked potentials compared with clinical assessment. Crit Care Med 28:721-726, 2000.

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35. Meredith W, Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Emery S, Kromhout-Schiro S: The conundrum of the Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients: a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores. J Trauma 44:839-844; discussion 44:844-845, 1998.

36. Moller M: Alpha-pattern coma and survival after cardiac arrest. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 44:518-522, 1978.

37. Munari C, Calbucci F: Correlations between intracranial pressure and EEG during coma and sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 51:170-176, 1981.

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40. Obrist WD, Langfitt TW, Jaggi JL, Cruz J, Gennarelli TA: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. J Neurosurg 61:241-253, 1984.
    
    
    

41. Onofrj M, Thomas A, Paci C, Scesi M, Tombari R: Event related potentials recorded in patients with locked-in syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatryiatry 63:759-764, 1997.
    
    
    

42. Overell J, Bone I, Fuller GN: An aid to predicting prognosis in patients with non-traumatic coma at one day. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71 Suppl 1:i24-25, 2001.
    
    
    

43. Paterakis K, Karantanas AH, Komnos A, Volikas Z: Outcome of patients with diffuse axonal injury: the significance and prognostic value of MRI in the acute phase. J Trauma 49:1071-1075, 2000.
    
    
    

44. Powner DJ: Drug-associated isoelectric EEG's. JAMA 236:1123, 1976.
    
    
    

45. Rader MA, Ellis DW: The sensory stimulation assessment measure (SSAM): a tool for early evaluation of severely brain-injured patients. Brain Injury 8:309-321, 1994.
    
    
    

46. Rosen H, Rosengren L, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C: Increased serum levels of the S-100 protein are associated with hypoxic brain damage after cardiac arrest. Stroke 29:473-477, 1998.
    

47. Rosenberg C, Wogensen K, Starr A: Auditory brainstem and middle- and long-latency EPS in coma. Arch Neurol 41:835-838, 1984.
    
    
    

48. Rothstein TL: The role of evoked potentials in anoxic-ischemic coma and severe brain trauma. J Clin Neurophysiol 17:486-497, 2000.
    
    
    

49. Sacco RL, VanGool R, Mohr JP, Hauser WA: Nontraumatic coma. Glasgow coma score and coma etiology as predictors of 2-week outcome. Arch Neurol 47:1181-1184, 1990.
    
    
    

50. Schiff ND, Ribary U, Moreno DR, Beattie B, Kronberg E, Blasberg R, Giacino J, McCagg C, Fins JJ, Llinas R, Plum F: Residual cerebral activity and behavioural fragments can remain in the persistently vegetative brain. Brain 125:1210-1234, 2002.
    

51. Seales DM, Rossiter VS, Weinstein ME: Brainstem auditory evoked responses in patients comatose as a result of blunt head trauma. J Trauma 19:347-353, 1979.
    
    
    

52. Sherman AL, Tirschwell DL, Micklesen PJ, Longstreth WT, Jr., Robinson LR: Somatosensory potentials, CSF creatine kinase BB activity, and awakening after cardiac arrest. Neurology 54:889-894, 2000.
    
    
    

53. Shewmon DA: Coma prognosis in children. Part II: clinical application. J Clin Neurophysiol 17:467-472, 2000.
    
    
    

54. Shewmon DA: Coma prognosis in children. Part I: definitional and methodological challenges. J Clin Neurophysiol 17:457-466, 2000.
    
    
    

55. Shewmon DA, De Giorgio CM: Early prognosis in anoxic coma. Reliability and rationale. Neurol Clin 7:823-843, 1989.
    
    
    

56. Silverman D, Masland RL, Saunders MG, Schwab RS: Irreversible coma associated with electrocerebral silence. Neurology 20:525-533, 1970.
    
    
    

57. Sorensen K, Thomassen A, Wernberg M: Prognostic significance of alpha frequency EEG rhythm in coma after cardiac arrest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41:840-842, 1978.
    
    
    

58. Starr A: Auditory brain stem responses in brain death. Brain 99:543-544, 1976.
    
    
    

59. Stockard JJ, Rossiter VS: Clinical and pathologic correlates of brainstem auditory response abnormalities. Neurology 27:316-325, 1977.
    
    
    

60. Synek VM, Trubuhovich RV: Important abnormalities in recordings of somatosensory evoked potentials in coma. Clin Electroencephalogr 22:118-126, 1991.
    
    
    

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