Compiled by Frederick Sieber, M.D.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
 

Physiology
 

1. Behar KL, Rothman DL: In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance studies of glutamate-gamma-aminobutyric acid-glutamine cycling in rodent and human cortex: the central role of glutamine. J Nutr 131:2498S-2504S, discussion 2523S-2524S, 2001.
 

2. Bonvento G, Sibson N, Pellerin L: Does glutamate image your thoughts? Trends Neurosci 25:359-364, 2002.
 

3. Borowsky IW, Collins RC: Metabolic anatomy of brain, a comparison of capillary density, glucose metabolism and enzyme activities. J Comp Neurol 288:401-413, 1989.

4. Carlsson A: A paradigm shift in brain research. Science 294:1021-1024, 2001.

5. Chih CP, Lipton P, Roberts EL Jr: Do active cerebral neurons really use lactate rather than glucose? Trends Neurosci 24:573-578, 2001.

6. Danbolt NC: Glutamate uptake. Prog Neurobiol 65:1-105, 2001.

7. Erecinska M, Silver IA: ATP and brain function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:2-19, 1989.

8. Fitch W: Brain metabolism, Anesthesia and Neurosurgery. Edited by Cottrell JE, Smith DS. St. Louis, Mosby 3rd Edition, Part I, Chapter 1, pp 1-16.

9. Gu Q: Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience 111:815-835, 2002.

10. Harder DR, Zhang C, Gebremedhin D: Astrocytes function in matching blood flow to metabolic activity. News Physiol Sci 17:27-31, 2002.

11. Hoge RD, Pike GB: Oxidative metabolism and the detection of neuronal activation via imaging. J Chem Neuroanat 22:43-52, 2001.

12. Lou H, Evisnsson L, MacKenzie E: The concept of coupling blood flow to brain function: revision required? Ann Neurol 22:289-298, 1987.

13. Lowry OH, Passonneau JV: The relationships between substrates and enzymes of glycolysis in brain. J Biol Chem 239:31-42, 1964.

+14. McCormick DA: Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex. J Clin Neuro 9:212-223, 1992.

15. Raichle ME, Grubb RL, Gado MH, Eichling JO, Ter-pogossian MM: Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. Arch Neurol 33:523-526, 1976.

16. Siesjö BK: Brain Energy Metabolism. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

17. Siesjö BK: Cerebral circulation and metabolism. J Neurosurg 60:883-908, 1984.

18. Siesjö BK, Carlsson C, Hagerdal M, Harp JR: Effects of anaesthesia on cerebral metabolism, A Basis and Practice of Neuroanaesthesia. Edited by Gordon E. New York, American Elsevier, pp 99-138, 1981.

19. Sokoloff, L: The brain as a chemical machine. Progress in Brain Research 94:19-33, 1992.

20. Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ: Glucose metabolism in the developing brain. Semin Perinatol 24:107-115, 2000.

21. Warner DS: Brain oxygenation and energy metabolism: part I-biological function and pathophysiology. Neurosurgery 51:289-302, 2002.

22. Wolfe LS: Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other derivatives of carbon-20 unsaturated fatty acids. J Neurochem 38:1-14, 1982.

Drug Effects
 

1. Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Barker SJ, Shah NK, Wu JC, Kao JK: Cerebral metabolism during propofol anesthesia in humans studied with positron emission tomography. Anesthesiology 82:393-403, 1995.
 

2. Alkire M, Haier R, Shah N, Anderson C: Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral metabolism in humans during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:549-557, 1997.
 

3. Alkire MT, Pomfrett CJ, Haier RJ, Gianzero MV, Chan CM, Jacobsen BP, Fallon JH: Functional brain imaging during anesthesia in humans: effects of halothane on global and regional cerebral glucose metabolism. Anesthesiology 90: 701-709, 1999.

4. Carla V, Moroni F: General anaesthetics inhibit the responses induced by glutamate receptor agonists in the mouse cortex. Neurosci Lett 146:21-24, 1992.

5. Carlsson C, Smith DS, Keykhah MM, Englebach I, Harp JR: The effects of high-dose fentanyl on cerebral circulation and metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology 57:375-380, 1982.

6. Carlsson C, Hagerdal M, Kaasik AE, Siesjö BK: The effects of diazepam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in rats and its synergistic interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 45:319-325, 1976.

7. Carlsson C, Hagerdal M, Siesjö BK: The effect of nitrous oxide on oxygen consumption and blood flow in the cerebral cortex of the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 20:91-95, 1976.

8. Cavazzuti M, Porro CA, Biral GP, Benassi C, Barbieri GC: Ketamine effects on local cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:806-811, 1987.

9. Cole DJ, Shapiro HM: Different 1.2 MAC combinations of nitrous Oxide-enflurane cause unique cerebral and spinal cord metabolic responses in the rat. Anesthesiology 70:797-792, 1989.

10. Cucchiara RF, Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effects of isoflurane on canine cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Anesthesiology 40:571-574, 1974.

11. Dam M, Ori C, Pizzolato G, Ricchieri GL, Pellegrini A, Giron GP, Battistin L: The effects of propofol anesthesia on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Anesthesiology 73:499-505, 1990.

12. Davis DW, Mans AM, Biebuyck JF, Hawkins RA: Regional brain glucose utilization in rats during etomidate anesthesia. Anesthesiology 64:751-757, 1986.

13. Davis DW, Mans AM, Biebuyck JF, Hawkins RA: The influence of ketamine on regional brain glucose use. Anesthesiology 69:199-205, 1988.

14. Dawson B, Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Effects of ketamine on canine cerebral blood flow and metabolism: modification by prior administration of thiopental. Anesth Analg 50:443-447, 1971.

15. de Wit H, Metz J, Wagner N, Cooper M: Effects of diazepam on cerebral metabolism and mood in normal volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 5:33-41, 1991.

16. Eintrei C, Sokoloff L, Smith CB: Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. Br J Anaesth 82: 596-602, 1999.

17. Franks JJ, Horn JL, Janicki PK, Singh G: Halothane, isoflurane, xenon, and nitrous oxide inhibit calcium ATPase pump activity in rat brain synaptic plasma membranes. Anesthesiology 82:108-117, 1995.

18. Grunwald F, Schrock H, Biersack JH, Kuschinsky W: Changes in local cerebral glucose utilization in the awake rat during acute and chronic administration of ethanol. J Nucl Med 34:793-798, 1993.

19. Gyulai F, Firestone L, Mintun M, Winter, P: In vivo imaging of human limbic responses to nitrous oxide inhalation. Anesth Analg 83:291-298, 1996.

20. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ: The role of cerebral metabolism in determining the local cerebral blood flow effects of volatile anesthetics: evidence of persistent flow-metabolism coupling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:323-328, 1989.

21. Hodes JE, Soncrant TT, Larson DM, Carlson SG, Rapoport SI: Selective changes in local cerebral glucose utilization induced by phenobarbital in the rat. Anesthesiology 63:633-639, 1985.

22. Hoehner PJ, Whitson JT, Kirsch JR, Traystman RJ: Effect of intracarotid and intraventricular morphine on regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 76-266-273, 1993.

23. Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht FR: The effects of midazolam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption and its interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 65:729-733, 1986.

24. Ingvar M, Adbul-Rahman A, Siesjö BK: Local cerebral glucose consumption in the artificially ventilated rat: Influence of nitrous oxide analgesia and of phenobarbital anesthesia. Acta Physiol Scand 109:177-185, 1980.

25. Ingvar M, Siesjö BK: Effect of nitrous oxide on local cerebral glucose utilization in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab 2:481-486, 1982.

26. Jobes DR, Kennell EM, Bush GL, Mull TD, Lecky JH, Behar MG, Wollman H: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 47:16-18, 1977.

27. Karlsson BR, Forsman M, Ronald OK, Heier MS, Steen PA: Effect of dexmedetomidine, a selective and potent 22-agonist, on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during halothane anesthesia in dogs. Anesth Analg 71:125-129, 1990.

28. Keykhah MM, Smith DS, Carlsson C, Safo Y, englebach I, Harp JR: influence of sufentanil on cerebral metabolism and circulation in the rat. Anesthesiology 63:274-277, 1985.

29. Kofke WA, Hawkins RA, Davis DW, Biebuyck JF: Comparison of the effects of volatile anesthetics on brain glucose metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology 66:810-813, 1987.

30. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: The cerebral effects of pancuronium and atracurium in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 63:589-597, 1985.

31. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral stimulation following succinylcholine in dogs. Anesthesiology 64:551-559, 1986.

32. Lenz C, Frietsch T, Futterer C, Rebel A, van Ackern K, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KF: Local coupling of cerebral blood flow to cerebral glucose metabolism during inhalational anesthesia in rats: desflurane versus isoflurane. Anesthesiology 9: 1720-1723, 1999.

33. Lutz LJ, Milde JH, Milde LN: The cerebral functional metabolic and hemodynamic effects of desflurane in dogs. Anesthesiology 73:125-131, 1990.

34. Maekawa T, Tommasino C, Shapiro HM, Keifer-Goodman J, Kohlenberger RW: Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization during isoflurane anesthesia in the rat. Anesthesiology 65:144-151, 1986.

35. Michenfelder JD: The interdependency of cerebral functional and metabolic effects following massive doses of thiopental in the dog. Anesthesiology 41:231-236, 1974.

36. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: In vivo toxic effects of halothane on canine cerebral metabolic pathways. Am J Physiol 229:1050-1055, 1975.

37. Milde LN, Milde JH: The detrimental effect of lidocaine on cerebral metabolism measured in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Anesthesiology 67:180-184, 1987.

38. Milde LN, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral functional, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of etomidate in dogs. Anesthesiology 63:371-377, 1985.

39. Myers RR, Shapiro HM: Local cerebral metabolism during enflurane anesthesia: identification of epileptogenic foci. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 47:153-162, 1979.

40. Nelson SR, Howard RB, Cross RS, Samson F: Ketamine-induced changes in regional glucose utilization in the rat brain. Anesthesiology 52:330-334, 1980.

41. Newberg LA, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: The cerebral metabolic effects of isoflurane at and above concentrations that suppress cortical electrical activity. Anesthesiology 59:23-28, 1983.

+42. Nilsson L, Siesjö BK: Influence of anaesthetics on the balance between production and utilization of energy in the brain. J Neurochem 23:29-36, 1974.

43. Nugent M, Artru AA, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral metabolic, vascular and protective effects of midazolam maleate. Anesthesiology 56:172-176, 1982.

44. Ori C, Dam M, Pizzolato G, Battistin L, Giron G: Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Anesthesiology 65:152-156, 1986.

45. Pelligrino DA, Miletich DJ, Hoffman WE, Albrecht RF: Nitrous oxide markedly increases cerebral cortical metabolic rate and blood flow in the goat. Anesthesiology 60:405-412, 1984.

46. Ratcheson RA, Bilezikjian L, Ferrendelli JA: Effect of nitrous oxide anesthesia upon cerebral energy metabolism. J Neurochem 2:223-225, 1977.

47. Sakabe T, Kuramoto T, Inoue S, Takeshita H: Cerebral effects of nitrous oxide in the dog. Anesthesiology 48:195-200, 1978.

48. Sakabe T, Maekawa T, Fiji S, Ishikawa T, Tateishi A, Takeshita H: Cerebral circulation and metabolism during enflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 59:532-536, 1983.

49. Sakabe T, Maekawa T, Ishikawa T, Takeshita H: The effects of lidocaine on canine cerebral metabolism and circulation related to the electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 40:433-441, 1974.

*+50. Sakabe T, Nakakimura K: Effects of anesthetic agents and other drugs on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and intracranial pressure, Anesthesia and Neurosurgery. Edited by Cottrell JE, Smith DS. St. Louis, Mosby, 3rd Edition, Part I, Chapter 7, pp 149-174, 1988.

51. Scheller MS, Tateishi A, Drummond JC, Zornow MH: Effects of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, intracranial pressure, and the electroencephalogram are similar to those of isoflurane in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 68:548-551, 1988.

52. Shapiro HM, Greenberg JH, Reivich M, Ashmead G, Sokoloff L: Local cerebral glucose uptake in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates. Anesthesiology 48:97-103, 1978.

+53. Siesjö BK, Carlson C, Hagerdal M, Harp JR: Effects of anaesthesia on cerebral metabolism, A Basis and Practice of Neuroanesthsia. Edited by Gordon E. New York, American Elservier, 99-138, 1981.

+*54. Smith AL, Wollman H: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism: effects of anesthetic drugs and techniques. Anesthesiology 36:378-400, 1977.

55. Steen PA: Inhalational versus intravenous anesthesia: cerebral effects. Acta Anaesth Scand 75:32-35, 1982.

56. Stullken EH, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD, Tinker JH: The nonlinear responses of cerebral metabolism to low concentrations of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and thiopental. Anesthesiology 46:28-34, 1977.

57. Takeshita H, Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: The effects of morphine and N-allylnormorphine on canine cerebral metabolism and circulation. Anesthesiology 37:605-612, 1972.

58. Takeshita H, Okuda Y, Sari A: The effects of ketamine on cerebral circulation and metabolism in man. Anesthesiology 36:69-75, 1972.

59. Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effect of halothane on canine cerebral metabolism. Anesthesiology 29:1113-1118, 1968.

60. Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effect of nitrous oxide on canine cerebral metabolism. Anesthesiology 29:1119-1124, 1968.

61. Todd MM, Drummond JC: A comparison of the cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of halothane and isoflurane in the cat. Anesthesiology 60:276-282, 1984.

62. Van Hemerlrijck J, Fitch W, Matteussen M, Van Aken H, Plets C, Lauwers T: Effect of propofol on cerebral circulation and autoregulation in the baboon. Anesth Analg 71:49-54, 1990.

Measurement Techniques
 

+1. Baron JC, Frackowiak RSJ, Herholz K, Jones T, Lammertmas AA, Mazoyer B, Wienhard K: Use of PET methods for measurement of cerebral energy metabolism and hemodynamics in cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:723-742, 1989.

2. Bonavita S, Di Salle F, Tedeschi G: Proton MRS in neurological disorders. Eur J Radiol 30: 125-31, 1999.

3. Brooks RA, Hatazawa J, Di Chiro G, Larson SM, Fishbein DS: Human cerebral glucose metabolism determined by positron emission tomography: a revisit. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:427-432, 1987.

4. Chollet F: Pharmacologic modulation of human cerebral activity: contribution of functional neuroimaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 11:375-380, 2001.

5. Cruz F, Cerdan S: Quantitative 13C NMR studies of metabolic compartmentation of the adult mammalian brain. NMR Biomed 12:451-62, 1999.

6. De Deyne C, Van Aken J, Decruyenaere J, Struys M, Colardyn F: Jugular bulb oximetry: review on a cerebral monitoring technique. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 49:21-31, 1998.

7. Grafton ST: PET: activation of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism. Adv Neurol 83:87-103, 2000.

8. Gruetter R: In vivo 13C NMR studies of compartmentalized cerebral carbonhydrate metabolism. Neurochem Int 41:143-154, 2002.

9. Hatazawa J, Ito M, Matsuzawa T, Ido T, Watanuki S: Measurement of the ratio of cerebral oxygen consumption to glucose utilization by positron emission tomography: its consistency with the values determined by the Kety-Schmidt method in normal volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:426-432, 1988.

10. Haughton VM, Turski PA, Meyerand B, Wendt G, Moritz CH, Ulmer J: The clinical applications of functional MR imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 9:285-293, 1999.

11. Kemp GJ: Non-invasive methods for studying brain energy metabolism: what they show and what it means. Dev Neurosci 22:418-428, 2000.

12. Knudsen GM: Blood-brain barrier transport measurements using pet-scanning and intravenous double indicator technique. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:251-256, 1993.

13. Lammertsma AA, Brooks DJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Beaney RP, Herold S, Heather JD, Palmer AJ, Jones T: Measurement of glucose utilization with [18F]2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: a comparison of different analytical methods. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:161-172, 1987.

14. Lassen NA: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev 39:183-238, 1959.

15. Lassen NA, Lane MH: Validity of internal jugular blood for study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J Appl Physiol 16:313-320, 1961.

16. Macmillan CS, Andrews PJ: Cerebrovenous oxygen saturation monitoring: practical considerations and clinical relevance. Intensive Care Med 26:1028-1036, 2000.

17. Madsen PL, Secher NH: Near-infrared oximetry of the brain. Prog Neurobiol 58:541-60, 1999.

18. Medina MA, Jones DJ, Stavinoha WB, Ross DH: The levels of labile intermediary metabolites in mouse brain following rapid tissue fixation with microwave irradiation. J Neurochem 24:223-227, 1975.

19. Messa C, Fazio F, Costa DC, Ell PJ: Clinical brain radionuclide imaging studies. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine XXV:111-143, 1995.

20. Meyer JS, Shinohara Y: A method for measuring cerebral hemispheric blood flow and metabolism. Stroke 1:419-431, 1970.

+21. Mies G: Autoradiographic and biochemical imaging in cerebral ischemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:273-285, 1993.

22. Nilsson B, Siesjö BK: A method for determining blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain. Acta Physiol Scand 96:72-82, 1976.

23. Olsen KS, Madsen PL, Borme T, Schmidt JF: Evaluation of a 7.5 french pulmonary catheter for continuous monitoring of cerebral venous oxygen saturation. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:233-238, 1994.

24. Ponten U, Ratcheson RA, Siesjö BK: Metabolic changes in the brains of mice frozen in liquid nitrogen. J Neurochem 21:1211-1216, 1973.

25. Raichle ME, Welch MJ, Grubb RL, Hoggins CS, Ter Pogossian MM, Larson KB: Measurement of regional substrate utilization rates by emission tomography. Science 199:986-987, 1978.

26. Reinstrup P, Stahl N, Mellergard P, Uski T, Ungerstedt U, Nordstrom CH: Intracerebral microdialysis in clinical practice: baseline values for chemical markers during wakefulness, anesthesia, and neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 47:701-710, 2000.

27. Reivich M, Kuhl D, Wolf A, Greenberg J, Phelps M, Ido T, Casella V, Fowler J, Hoffman E, Alavi A, Som P, Sokoloff L: The [18F] flourodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ Research 44:127-137, 1979.

28. Richards TL, Dager SR, Posse S: Functional MR spectroscopy of the brain. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 8:823-834, 1998.

+*29. Sawle G: Imaging the head: functional imaging. J Neuro Neurosurg Psych 58:132-144, 1995.

30. Schell RM, Cole DJ: Cerebral monitoring: jugular venous oximetry. Anesth Analg 90:599-666, 2000.

31. Siesjö BK: Brain energy metabolism. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

+*32. Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, Sakurada O, Shinohara M: The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 28:898-916, 1977.

33. Ter-Pogossian MM, Eichling JO, Dabid DO, Welch MJ: The measure in vivo of regional cerebral oxygen utilization by means oxyhemoglobin labeled with radioactive oxygen-15. J Clin Invest 49:381-391, 1970.

+34. Them A: Intracellular ion concentrations in the brain: approaches towards in situ confocal imaging. Adv Exp Med Biol 333:145-175, 1993.

35. Veech RL, Hawkins RA: Brain blowing: a technique for in vivo study of brain metabolism, Research Methods in Neurochemistry. Edited by Marks. New York, Plenum Press, pp 171-182, 1974.

36. Wahr J, Tramper K, Samra S, Delpy D: Near-infrared spectroscopy: theory and applications. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 10:405-418, 1996.

37. Wietasch GJ, Mielck F, Scholtz M, von Spiegel T, Stephan H, Hoeft A: Bedside assessment of cerebral blood flow by double-indicator dilution technique. Anesthesiology 92:367-75, 2000.