Compiled by David S. Warner, M.D.
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

General

1. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 549-56

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3. Aronowski J, Strong R, Grotta JC: Reperfusion injury: demonstration of brain damage produced by reperfusion after transient focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17: 1048-56

4. Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L: Thresholds in cerebral ischemia - the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981; 12: 723-5

5. Astrup J, Skovsted P, Gjerris F, Sorensen HR: Increase in extracellular potassium in the brain during circulatory arrest: effects of hypothermia, lidocaine, and thiopental. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 256-62

6. Auer RN: Non-pharmacologic (physiologic) neuroprotection in the treatment of brain ischemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 939: 271-82

7. Back T, Kohno K, Hossmann KA: Cortical negative DC deflections following middle cerebral artery occlusion and KCl-induced spreading depression: effect on blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and electroencephalogram. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 12-9

8. Barone FC, Schmidt DB, Hillegass LM, Price WJ, White RF, Feuerstein GZ, Clark RK, Lee EV, Griswold DE, Sarau HM: Reperfusion increases neutrophils and leukotriene B4 receptor binding in rat focal ischemia. Stroke 1992; 23: 1337-47; discussion 1347-8

9. Benveniste H, Drejer J, Schousboe A, Diemer NH: Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurochem 1984; 43: 1369-74

10. Benveniste H, Jorgensen MB, Diemer NH, Hansen AJ: Calcium accumulation by glutamate receptor activation is involved in hippocampal cell damage after ischemia. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 78: 529-36

11. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 557-63

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13. Busto R, Globus MY, Dietrich WD, Martinez E, Valdes I, Ginsberg MD: Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 1989; 20: 904-10

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15. Chan PH: Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage. Stroke 1996; 27: 1124-9

16. Chan PH: Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 2-14

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18. Chen J, Jin K, Chen M, Pei W, Kawaguchi K, Greenberg DA, Simon RP: Early detection of DNA strand breaks in the brain after transient focal ischemia: implications for the role of DNA damage in apoptosis and neuronal cell death. J Neurochem 1997; 69: 232-45

19. Chen J, Nagayama T, Jin K, Stetler RA, Zhu RL, Graham SH, Simon RP: Induction of caspase-3-like protease may mediate delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 4914-28

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23. Didenko VV, Ngo H, Minchew CL, Boudreaux DJ, Widmayer MA, Baskin DS: Caspase-3-dependent and -independent apoptosis in focal brain ischemia. Mol Med 2002; 8: 347-52

24. Donley RF, Sundt TM, Anderson RE, Sharbrough FW: Blood flow measurements and the "look through" artifact in focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1975; 6: 121-31

25. Du C, Hu R, Csernansky CA, Hsu CY, Choi DW: Very delayed infarction after mild focal cerebral ischemia: a role for apoptosis? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 195-201

26. Elibol B, Soylemezoglu F, Unal I, Fujii M, Hirt L, Huang PL, Moskowitz MA, Dalkara T: Nitric oxide is involved in ischemia-induced apoptosis in brain: a study in neuronal nitric oxide synthase null mice. Neuroscience 2001; 105: 79-86

27. Emerich DF, Dean RL, 3rd, Bartus RT: The role of leukocytes following cerebral ischemia: pathogenic variable or bystander reaction to emerging infarct? Exp Neurol 2002; 173: 168-81

28. Gill R, Soriano M, Blomgren K, Hagberg H, Wybrecht R, Miss MT, Hoefer S, Adam G, Niederhauser O, Kemp JA, Loetscher H: Role of caspase-3 activation in cerebral ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in adult and neonatal brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22: 420-30

29. Gladstone DJ, Black SE, Hakim AM: Toward wisdom from failure: lessons from neuroprotective stroke trials and new therapeutic directions. Stroke 2002; 33: 2123-36

30. Globus MY, Busto R, Lin B, Schnippering H, Ginsberg MD: Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 1250-6

31. Goldstein A, Jr., Wells BA, Keats AS: Increased tolerance to cerebral anoxia by pentobarbital. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1966; 161: 138-43

32. Haberg A, Qu H, Saether O, Unsgard G, Haraldseth O, Sonnewald U: Differences in neurotransmitter synthesis and intermediary metabolism between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons during 4 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: the role of astrocytes in neuronal survival. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 1451-63

33. Harris RJ, Symon L, Branston NM, Bayhan M: Changes in extracellular calcium activity in cerebral ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1: 203-9

34. Harris RJ, Symon L: Extracellular pH, potassium, and calcium activities in progressive ischaemia of rat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4: 178-86

35. Higuchi T, Takeda Y, Hashimoto M, Nagano O, Hirakawa M: Dynamic changes in cortical NADH fluorescence and direct current potential in rat focal ischemia: relationship between propagation of recurrent depolarization and growth of the ischemic core. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22: 71-9

36. Hoehn B, Ringer TM, Xu L, Giffard RG, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK, Yenari MA: Overexpression of HSP72 after induction of experimental stroke protects neurons from ischemic damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 1303-9

37. Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Edelman G: Brain tissue oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in neurosurgical patients at risk for ischemia. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 582-6

38. Horn M, Schlote W: Delayed neuronal death and delayed neuronal recovery in the human brain following global ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1992; 85: 79-87

39. Hossmann KA, Paschen W, Csiba L: Relationship between calcium accumulation and recovery of cat brain after prolonged cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1983; 3: 346-53

40. Hu BR, Janelidze S, Ginsberg MD, Busto R, Perez-Pinzon M, Sick TJ, Siesjo BK, Liu CL: Protein aggregation after focal brain ischemia and reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 865-75

41. Iadecola C, Sugimoto K, Niwa K, Kazama K, Ross ME: Increased susceptibility to ischemic brain injury in cyclooxygenase-1-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 1436-41

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43. Jander S, Schroeter M, Peters O, Witte OW, Stoll G: Cortical spreading depression induces proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 218-25

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45. Jin K, Mao XO, Eshoo MW, Nagayama T, Minami M, Simon RP, Greenberg DA: Microarray analysis of hippocampal gene expression in global cerebral ischemia. Ann Neurol 2001; 50: 93-103

46. Kapinya KJ, Lowl D, Futterer C, Maurer M, Waschke KF, Isaev NK, Dirnagl U: Tolerance against ischemic neuronal injury can be induced by volatile anesthetics and is inducible NO synthase dependent. Stroke 2002; 33: 1889-98

47. Kato H, Kogure K: Neuronal damage following non-lethal but repeated cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1990; 79: 494-500

48. Kett-White R, Hutchinson PJ, Al-Rawi PG, Czosnyka M, Gupta AK, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ: Cerebral oxygen and microdialysis monitoring during aneurysm surgery: effects of blood pressure, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and temporary clipping on infarction. J Neurosurg 2002; 96: 1013-9

49. Kim GW, Kondo T, Noshita N, Chan PH: Manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency exacerbates cerebral infarction after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice: implications for the production and role of superoxide radicals. Stroke 2002; 33: 809-15

50. Kirino T, Tamura A, Sano K: Delayed neuronal death in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1984; 64: 139-47

51. Kirino T, Sano K: Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1984; 62: 201-8

52. Kirino T: Ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22: 1283-96

53. Klatzo I: Pathophysiological aspects of brain edema. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1987; 72: 236-9

54. Kontos HA: Oxygen radicals in cerebral ischemia: the 2001 Willis lecture. Stroke 2001; 32: 2712-6

55. Kraig RP, Petito CK, Plum F, Pulsinelli WA: Hydrogen ions kill brain at concentrations reached in ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7: 379-86

56. Kristian T, Bernardi P, Siesjo BK: Acidosis promotes the permeability transition in energized mitochondria: implications for reperfusion injury. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 1059-74

57. Lee JE, Yenari MA, Sun GH, Xu L, Emond MR, Cheng D, Steinberg GK, Giffard RG: Differential neuroprotection from human heat shock protein 70 overexpression in in vitro and in vivo models of ischemia and ischemia-like conditions. Exp Neurol 2001; 170: 129-39

58. Linnik MD, Zobrist RH, Hatfield MD: Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1993; 24: 2002-8; discussion 2008-9

59. Matsuo Y, Onodera H, Shiga Y, Nakamura M, Ninomiya M, Kihara T, Kogure K: Correlation between myeloperoxidase-quantified neutrophil accumulation and ischemic brain injury in the rat. Effects of neutrophil depletion. Stroke 1994; 25: 1469-75

60. Matsuo Y, Kihara T, Ikeda M, Ninomiya M, Onodera H, Kogure K: Role of neutrophils in radical production during ischemia and reperfusion of the rat brain: effect of neutrophil depletion on extracellular ascorbyl radical formation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15: 941-7

61. Meldrum BS, Evans MC, Swan JH, Simon RP: Protection against hypoxic/ischaemic brain damage with excitatory amino acid antagonists. Med Biol 1987; 65: 153-7

62. Mengesdorf T, Proud CG, Mies G, Paschen W: Mechanisms underlying suppression of protein synthesis induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2002; 177: 538-46

63. Mies G, Kohno K, Hossmann KA: Prevention of periinfarct direct current shifts with glutamate antagonist NBQX following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 802-7

64. Miller CL, Lampard DG, Alexander K, Brown WA: Local cerebral blood flow following transient cerebral ischemia. I. Onset of impaired reperfusion within the first hour following global ischemia. Stroke 1980; 11: 534-41

65. Minamisawa H, Nordstrom CH, Smith ML, Siesjo BK: The influence of mild body and brain hypothermia on ischemic brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10: 365-74

66. Nedergaard M, Hansen AJ: Characterization of cortical depolarizations evoked in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 568-74

67. Noshita N, Sugawara T, Hayashi T, Lewen A, Omar G, Chan PH: Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase attenuates neuronal cell death by preventing extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 7923-30

68. Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Baird TA, Darby DG, Byrnes G, Tress BM, Davis SM: Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 20-8

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70. Piantadosi CA, Zhang J: Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species after brain ischemia in the rat. Stroke 1996; 27: 327-31; discussion 332

71. Pluta RM, Rak R, Wink DA, Woodward JJ, Khaldi A, Oldfield EH, Watson JC: Effects of nitric oxide on reactive oxygen species production and infarction size after brain reperfusion injury. Neurosurgery 2001; 48: 884-92; discussion 892-3

72. Read SJ, Parsons AA, Harrison DC, Philpott K, Kabnick K, S OB, Clark S, Brawner M, Bates S, Gloger I, Legos JJ, Barone FC: Stroke genomics: approaches to identify, validate, and understand ischemic stroke gene expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 755-78

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74. Schneider A, Martin-Villalba A, Weih F, Vogel J, Wirth T, Schwaninger M: NF-kappaB is activated and promotes cell death in focal cerebral ischemia. Nat Med 1999; 5: 554-9

75. Schwartz-Bloom RD, Sah R: gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) neurotransmission and cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2001; 77: 353-71

76. Semenza GL: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: oxygen homeostasis and disease pathophysiology. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7: 345-50

77. Sheng H, Laskowitz DT, Bennett E, Schmechel DE, Bart RD, Saunders AM, Pearlstein RD, Roses AD, Warner DS: Apolipoprotein E isoform-specific differences in outcome from focal ischemia in transgenic mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18: 361-6

78. Shimazaki K, Ishida A, Kawai N: Increase in bcl-2 oncoprotein and the tolerance to ischemia-induced neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Neurosci Res 1994; 20: 95-9

79. Siesjo BK, Bengtsson F: Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists, and calcium-related pathology in brain ischemia, hypoglycemia, and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 127-40

80. Siesjo BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II: Mechanisms of damage and treatment. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 337-54

81. Siesjo BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 169-84

82. Siesjo BK, Katsura K, Zhao Q, Folbergrova J, Pahlmark K, Siesjo P, Smith ML: Mechanisms of secondary brain damage in global and focal ischemia: a speculative synthesis. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 943-56

83. Smith ML, Auer RN, Siesjo BK: The density and distribution of ischemic brain injury in the rat following 2-10 min of forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1984; 64: 319-32

84. Soriano MA, Tessier M, Certa U, Gill R: Parallel gene expression monitoring using oligonucleotide probe arrays of multiple transcripts with an animal model of focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20: 1045-55

85. Sugawara T, Lewen A, Noshita N, Gasche Y, Chan PH: Effects of global ischemia duration on neuronal, astroglial, oligodendroglial, and microglial reactions in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subregion in rats. J Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 85-98

86. Sugawara T, Noshita N, Lewen A, Gasche Y, Ferrand-Drake M, Fujimura M, Morita-Fujimura Y, Chan PH: Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in transgenic rats protects vulnerable neurons against ischemic damage by blocking the mitochondrial pathway of caspase activation. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 209-17

87. Suzuki M, Tabuchi M, Ikeda M, Tomita T: Concurrent formation of peroxynitrite with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the brain during middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in rats. Brain Res 2002; 951: 113-20

88. Swanson RA, Farrell K, Simon RP: Acidosis causes failure of astrocyte glutamate uptake during hypoxia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15: 417-24

89. Takizawa S, Aratani Y, Fukuyama N, Maeda N, Hirabayashi H, Koyama H, Shinohara Y, Nakazawa H: Deficiency of myeloperoxidase increases infarct volume and nitrotyrosine formation in mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22: 50-4

90. Tang Y, Lu A, Aronow BJ, Wagner KR, Sharp FR: Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15: 1937-52

91. Tikka T, Fiebich BL, Goldsteins G, Keinanen R, Koistinaho J: Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2580-8

92. Truettner J, Busto R, Zhao W, Ginsberg MD, Perez-Pinzon MA: Effect of ischemic preconditioning on the expression of putative neuroprotective genes in the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2002; 103: 106-15

93. Wang Q, Santizo R, Baughman VL, Pelligrino DA, Iadecola C: Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats. Stroke 1999; 30: 630-7

94. Wang CX, Shuaib A: Involvement of inflammatory cytokines in central nervous system injury. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 67: 161-72

95. Wass CT, Lanier WL, Hofer RE, Scheithauer BW, Andrews AG: Temperature changes of > or = 1 degree C alter functional neurologic outcome and histopathology in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 325-35

96. Welsh FA, Moyer DJ, Harris VA: Regional expression of heat shock protein-70 mRNA and c-fos mRNA following focal ischemia in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12: 204-12

97. Westerberg E, Monaghan DT, Kalimo H, Cotman CW, Wieloch TW: Dynamic changes of excitatory amino acid receptors in the rat hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 1989; 9: 798-805

98. Wilson JX, Gelb AW: Free radicals, antioxidants, and neurologic injury: possible relationship to cerebral protection by anesthetics. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2002; 14: 66-79

99. Yang G, Chan PH, Chen J, Carlson E, Chen SF, Weinstein P, Epstein CJ, Kamii H: Human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic mice are highly resistant to reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1994; 25: 165-70

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Fluids

1. Adams HP, Jr., Brott TG, Crowell RM, Furlan AJ, Gomez CR, Grotta J, Helgason CM, Marler JR, Woolson RF, Zivin JA, et al.: Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1994; 25: 1901-14

2. Asplund K: Randomized clinical trials of hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1989; 127: 22-30

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4. Belayev L, Busto R, Zhao W, Clemens JA, Ginsberg MD: Effect of delayed albumin hemodilution on infarction volume and brain edema after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosurg 1997; 87: 595-601

5. Belayev L, Liu Y, Zhao W, Busto R, Ginsberg MD: Human albumin therapy of acute ischemic stroke: marked neuroprotective efficacy at moderate doses and with a broad therapeutic window. Stroke 2001; 32: 553-60

6. Bhardwaj A, Harukuni I, Murphy SJ, Alkayed NJ, Crain BJ, Koehler RC, Hurn PD, Traystman RJ: Hypertonic saline worsens infarct volume after transient focal ischemia in rats. Stroke 2000; 31: 1694-701

7. Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Osborne TN, Matsumura J: Hypertension and hemodilution during cerebral ischemia reduce brain injury and edema. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: H211-7

8. Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Marcantonio S: Effects of viscosity and oxygen content on cerebral blood flow in ischemic and normal rat brain. J Neurol Sci 1994; 124: 15-20

9. Doppenberg EM, Watson JC, Bullock R, Gerber MJ, Zauner A, Abraham DJ: The rationale for, and effects of oxygen delivery enhancement to ischemic brain in a feline model of human stroke. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 825: 241-57

10. Goslinga H, Eijzenbach V, Heuvelmans JH, van der Laan de Vries E, Melis VM, Schmid-Schonbein H, Bezemer PD: Custom-tailored hemodilution with albumin and crystalloids in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992; 23: 181-8

11. Goulin GD, Duthie SE, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Peterson BM: Global cerebral ischemia: effects of pentastarch after reperfusion. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 1036-42

12. Huh PW, Belayev L, Zhao W, Busto R, Saul I, Ginsberg MD: The effect of high-dose albumin therapy on local cerebral perfusion after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1998; 804: 105-13

13. Hyodo A, Heros RC, Tu YK, Ogilvy C, Graichen R, Lagree K, Korosue K: Acute effects of isovolemic hemodilution with crystalloids in a canine model of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1989; 20: 534-40

14. Kaieda R, Todd MM, Warner DS: Prolonged reduction in colloid oncotic pressure does not increase brain edema following cryogenic injury in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 554-60

15. Kaieda R, Todd MM, Cook LN, Warner DS: Acute effects of changing plasma osmolality and colloid oncotic pressure on the formation of brain edema after cryogenic injury. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: 671-8

16. Korosue K, Heros RC, Ogilvy CS, Hyodo A, Tu YK, Graichen R: Comparison of crystalloids and colloids for hemodilution in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: 576-84

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18. Lee SH, Heros RC, Mullan JC, Korosue K: Optimum degree of hemodilution for brain protection in a canine model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1994; 80: 469-75

19. Luvisotto TL, Auer RN, Sutherland GR: The effect of mannitol on experimental cerebral ischemia, revisited. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 131-8; discussion 139

20. Memezawa H, Katayama Y, Shimizu J, Suzuki S, Kashiwagi F, Kamiya T, Terashi A: Effects of fluosol-DA on brain edema, energy metabolites, and tissue oxygen content in acute cerebral ischemia. Adv Neurol 1990; 52: 109-18

21. Menzies SA, Betz AL, Hoff JT: Contributions of ions and albumin to the formation and resolution of ischemic brain edema. J Neurosurg 1993; 78: 257-66

22. Mori K, Arai H, Nakajima K, Tajima A, Maeda M: Hemorheological and hemodynamic analysis of hypervolemic hemodilution therapy for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1995; 26: 1620-6

23. Oropello JM, Weiner L, Benjamin E: Hypertensive, hypervolemic, hemodilutional therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Is it efficacious? No. Crit Care Clin 1996; 12: 709-30

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25. Reasoner DK, Ryu KH, Hindman BJ, Cutkomp J, Smith T: Marked hemodilution increases neurologic injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 61-7

26. Sampaolo S, Nakagawa Y, Iannotti F, Cervos-Navarro J, Bonavita V: Blood-brain barrier permeability to micromolecules and edema formation in the early phase of incomplete continuous ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1991; 82: 107-11

27. Schell RM, Applegate RL, 2nd, Cole DJ: Salt, starch, and water on the brain. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1996; 8: 178-82

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29. Staedt U, Holm E, Leweling H, Heene DL: Haemodilution in acute ischaemic stroke comparison of two haemodilution regimen. Neurol Res 1992; 14: 152-5

30. Strand T: Evaluation of long-term outcome and safety after hemodilution therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992; 23: 657-62

31. Treib J, Haass A, Pindur G, Miyachita C, Grauer MT, Jung F, Wenzel E, Schimrigk K: Highly substituted hydroxyethyl starch (HES200/0.62) leads to Type-I von Willebrand syndrome after repeated administration. Haemostasis 1996; 26: 210-3

32. Tu YK, Heros RC, Candia G, Hyodo A, Lagree K, Callahan R, Zervas NT, Karacostas D: Isovolemic hemodilution in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Part 1: Effects on hemodynamics, hemorheology, and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 1988; 69: 72-81

33. Tu YK, Heros RC, Karacostas D, Liszczak T, Hyodo A, Candia G, Zervas NT, Lagree K: Isovolemic hemodilution in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Part 2: Effects on regional cerebral blood flow and size of infarction. J Neurosurg 1988; 69: 82-91

34. Warner DS, Boehland LA: Effects of iso-osmolal intravenous fluid therapy on post-ischemic brain water content in the rat. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 86-91

35. Wood JH, Kee DB, Jr.: Hemorheology of the cerebral circulation in stroke. Stroke 1985; 16: 765-72

Hyperglycemia

1. Bruno A, Biller J, Adams HP, Jr., Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Williams LS, Hansen MD: Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. Neurology 1999; 52: 280-4

1. Cherian L, Hannay HJ, Vagner G, Goodman JC, Contant CF, Robertson CS: Hyperglycemia increases neurological damage and behavioral deficits from post-traumatic secondary ischemic insults. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 307-21

1. Choi KT, Illievich UM, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Strnat MA: Effect of hyperglycemia on peri-ischemic neurotransmitter levels in the rabbit hippocampus. Brain Res 1994; 642: 104-10

1. Chopp M, Welch KM, Tidwell CD, Helpern JA: Global cerebral ischemia and intracellular pH during hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in cats. Stroke 1988; 19: 1383-7

1. Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R: Moderate hyperglycemia worsens acute blood-brain barrier injury after forebrain ischemia in rats. Stroke 1993; 24: 111-6

1. Drummond JC, Moore SS: The influence of dextrose administration on neurologic outcome after temporary spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 64-70

1. Gisselsson L, Smith ML, Siesjo BK: Hyperglycemia and focal brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 288-97

1. Hoxworth JM, Xu K, Zhou Y, Lust WD, LaManna JC: Cerebral metabolic profile, selective neuron loss, and survival of acute and chronic hyperglycemic rats following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Brain Res 1999; 821: 467-79

1. Hsu SS, Meno JR, Gronka R, Kushmerick M, Winn HR: Moderate hyperglycemia affects ischemic brain ATP levels but not intracellular pH. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: H258-62

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