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Cardene I.V.

 

CEREBRAL EMBOLISM & THROMBOSIS

 

Compiled by Susan Black, M.D.
University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama

Air Embolism

1. Aibiki M, Ogura S, Seki K, Honda K, Umegaki O, Shirakawa Y, Ogli K: Role of vagal afferents in hypotension induced by venous air embolism. Am J Physiol 266:790-5, 1994.
 

2. Albin MS, Ritter RR, Pruett CE, Kalff K: Venous air embolism during lumbar laminectomy in the prone position. Anesth Analg 73(3):346-9, 1991.

3. Albin MS, Ritter RR, Reinhart R, Erickson D, Rockwood A: Venous air embolism during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesth Analg 74:151-3, 1992.

4. Artru AA: Placement of a multiorificed catheter in the inferior portion of the right atrium; percentage of gas retrieved and success rate of resuscitation after venous air embolism in prone dogs positioned with the abdomen hanging freely. Anesth Analg 79:740-4, 1994.

5. Bazin JE, Gillart T, Rasson P, Conio N, Aigouy L, Schoeffler P: Haemodynamic conditions enhancing gas embolism after venous injury during laparoscopy: a study in pigs. Br J Anaesth 78:570-5, 1997.

6. Bedell EA, Berge KH, Losasso TJ: Paradoxic air embolism during venous air embolism: transesophageal echocardiographic evidence of transpulmonary air passage. Anesthesiology 80:947-50, 1994.

*7. Black S, Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, Michenfelder JD: Parameters affecting occurrence of paradoxical air embolism. Anesthesiology 71:235-41, 1989.

8. Black S, Muzzi DA, Nishimura RA, Cucchiara RF: Preoperative and intraoperative echocardiography to detect right-to-left shunt in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 72:436-8, 1990.

9. Bove AA, Clark JM, Simon AJ, Lambertsen CJ: Successful therapy of cerebral air embolism with hyperbaric oxygen at 2.8 ATA. Undersea Biomedical Research 9:75-80, 1982.

+10. Bunegin L, Albin MS, Helsel PE, Hoffman A, Hung TK: Positioning the right atrial catheter: a model for reappraisal. Anesthesiology 55:343-8, 1981.

11. Cucchiara RF, Bowers: Air embolism in children undergoing suboccipital craniotomy. Anesthesiology 57:338-9, 1982.

12. Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, Black S: Failure of preoperative echo testing to prevent paradoxical air embolism: report of two cases. Anesthesiology 71:604-7, 1989.

13. Davies JM, Campbell LA: Fatal air embolism during dental implant surgery: a report of three cases. Can J Anaesth 37:112-21, 1990.

14. Despond O, Fiset P: Oxygen venous embolism after the use of hydrogen peroxide during lumbar discectomy. Can J Anaesth 44:410-3, 1997.

15. Dexter F, Hindman BJ: Recommendations for hyperbaric oxygen therapy of cerebral air embolism based on a mathematical model of bubble absorption.Anesth Analg 84:1203-7, 1997.

16. Drummond JC, Prutlow RJ, Scheller MS: A comparison of the sensitivity of pulmonary artery pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and end-tidal nitrogen in the detection of venous air embolism in the dog. Anesth Analg 64:688-92,1985.

17. Faberowski LW, Black S, Mickle JP: Incidence of venous air embolism during craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair. Anesthesiology 92:20-3, 2000.

18. Geissler HJ, Allen SJ, Mehlhorn U, Davis KL, Morris WP, Butler BD: Effect of body repositioning after venous air embolism. An echocardiographic study. Anesthesiology 86:710-7, 1997.

+19. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD: Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 59:17-20, 1984.

20. Hatano Y, Murakawa M, Segawa H, Nishida Y, Mori K: Venous air embolism during hepatic resection. Anesthesiology 73:1282-5, 1990.

21. Hemmerling TM, Schmidt J, Bosert C, Klein P: Systemic air embolism during wedge resection of the lung. Anesth Analg 93(5):1135-6, 2001.

22. Karuparthy VR, Downing JW, Husain FJ, Knape KG, Blanchard J, Solomon D, Albin MS: Incidence of venous air embolism during cesarean section is unchanged by the use of a 5 to 10 degree head-up tilt. Anesth Analg 69:620-3, 1989.

23. Kearney KR, Smith MD, Xie GY, Gurley JC: Massive air embolus to the left ventricle: diagnosis and monitoring by serial echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10:982-7, 1997.

24. Klotzsch C, Janssen G, Berlit P: Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast-TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale: experiences with 111 patients. Neurology 44:1603-6, 1994.

25. Lam KK, Hutchinson RC, Gin T: Severe pulmonary oedema after venous air embolism. Can J Anaesth 40:964-7, 1993.

+26. Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, Loron P, Theard M, Klimczac M, Drobinski G, Thomas C, Grosgogeat Y: Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 318:1148-52, 1988.

27. Lew TW, Tay DH, Thomas E: Venous air embolism during cesarean section: more common than previously thought. Anesth Analg 77:448-52, 1993.

28. Lobato EB, Black S, DeSoto H; Venous air embolism and selective denervation for torticollis. Anesth Analg 84:551-3, 1997.

*29. Losasso TJ, Muzzi DA, Dietz NM, Cucchiara RF: Fifty percent nitrous oxide does not increase the risk of venous air embolism in neurosurgical patients operated upon in the sitting position. Anesthesiology 77:21-30, 1992.

30. Losasso TJ, Black S, Muzzi DA, Michenfelder JD, Cucchiara RF: Detection and hemodynamic consequence of venous air embolism. Does nitrous oxide make a difference? Anesthesiology 77:148-52, 1992.

*31. Lynch JJ, Schuchard GH, Gross CM, Wann LS: Prevalence of right-to-left atrial shunting in a healthy population: detection by Valsalva maneuver contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardil 53:1478-80, 1984.

32. MacLean CA, Bachman DT: Documented arterial gas embolism after spinal epidural injection. Ann Emerg Med 38(5):592-5, 2001.

33. Marquez J, Sladen A, Gendell H, Boehnke M, Mendelow H: Paradoxical cerebral air embolism without an intracardiac septal defect. J Neurosurg 55:997-1000,1981.

34. Marquez MS: Multiple brain gas embolism after injection of concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Neurology 49:1477-8, 1997.

35. Matjasko MJ, Hellman J, Mackenzie CF: Venous air embolism, hypotension,and end-tidal nitrogen. Neurosurgery 21:378-82, 1987.

36. Matjasko J, Petrozza P, Mackenzie CF: Sensitivity of end-tidal nitrogen in venous air embolism detection in dogs. Anesthesiology 63:418-23, 1985.

37. McGrath BJ, Zimmerman JE, Williams JF, Parmet J: Carbon dioxide embolism treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Can J Anaesth 36:586-9, 1989.

*38. Mehlhorn U, Burke EJ, Butler BD, Davis KL, Katz J, Melamed E, Morris WP,Allen SJ: Body position does not affect the hemodynamic response to venous air embolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 79:734-9, 1994.

39. Meister SG, Grossman W, Dexter L, Dalen JE: Paradoxical embolism diagnosis during life. Am J Medicine 53:292-8, 1972.

40. Meyer PG, Cuttaree H, Charron B, Jarreau MM, Perie AC, Sante-rose C: Prevention of venous air embolism in paediatric neurosurgical procedures performed in the sitting positoin by combined use of MAST suit and PEEP. Br J Anaesth 73:795-800, 1994.

+41. Michenfelder JD: Central venous catheters in the management of air embolism: whether as well as where. Anesthesiology 55:339-41, 1981.

42. Movsowitz C, Podolsky LA, Meyerowitz CB, Jacobs LE, Kotler MN: Patent foramen ovale: a nonfunctional embryological remnant or a potential cause of significant pathology? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 5:259-70, 1992.

43. Muzzi DA, Losasso TJ, Black S, Nishimura R: Comparison of a transesophageal and precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor in the detection of venous air embolism. Anesth Analg 70:103-4, 1990.

44. Nemec JJ, Marwick TH, Lorig RJ, Davison MB, Chimowitz MI, Litowita H, Salcedo EE: Comparison of transcranial Doppler ultrasound and transesophageal contrast echocardiography in the detection of interatrial right-to-left shunts. Am J Card 68:1498-1502, 1991.

45. Olympio MA, Bell WO: Venous air embolism after craniotomy closure: tension pneumocephalus implicated. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:35-9, 1994.

46. Palmon SC, Moore LE, Lundberg J, Toung T: Venous air embolism: a review. J Clin Anesth 9:251-7, 1997.

47. Papadopoulos G, Kuhly P, Brock M, Rudolph KH, Link J, Eyrich K: Venous and paradoxical air embolism in the sitting position. A prospective study with transoesophageal echocardiography. Acta-Neurochir-Wien 126:140-3,1994.

48. Pearl RG, Larson CP: Hemodynamic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during continuous venous air embolism in the dog. Anesthesiology 64:724-9, 1986.

49. Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Tatineni S, Gomez CR: Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac source of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia of uncertain etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:66-72, 1991.

50. Ryu KH, Kindman BJ, Reasoner DK, Dexter F: Heparin reduces neurological impairment after cerebral arterial air embolism in the rabbit. Stroke 27:303-9, 1996.

51. Sakamoto T, Kawaguchi M, Furuya H, Ohnishi H, Karasawa J: Preoperative evaluation for risk of venous air embolism in the sitting position. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:124-6, 1995.

52. Schmandra TC, Mierdl S, Bauer H, Gutt C, Hanisch E: Transoesophageal echocardiography shows high risk of gas embolism during laparoscopic hepatic resection under carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Br J Surg 89(7):870-6, 2002.

53. Schwarz G, Fuchs G, Weihs W, Tritthart H, Schalk HV, Kaltenbock F: Sitting position for neurosurgery: experience with preoperative contrast echocardiography in 301 patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:83-8, 1994.

54. Schwarze JJ, Sander D, Kukla C, Wittich I, Babikian VL, Klingelhofer J: Methodological parameters influence the detection of right-to-left shunts by contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke 30:1234-9, 1999.

55. Scuplak SM, Smith M, Harkness WF: Air embolism during awake craniotomy. Anaesthesia 50:338-40, 1995.

56. Stone JG, Schwartz AE, Berman MF, Lenczewsi VS, Ahmad SM, Bruce JN, Goodman RR: Air embolization in seated, sedated, spontaneously breathing, neurosurgical patients. Anesthesiology 87:1244-7, 1997.

57. Sutherland RW, Winter RJ: Two cases of fatal air embolism in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:1073-6, 1997.

58. Teague SM, Sharma MK: Detection of paradoxical cerebral echo contrast embolization by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 22:740-5, 1991.

*59. Toung T, Ngeow YK, Long DL, Rogers MC, Traystman RJ: Comparison of the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and jugular venous compression on canine cerebral venous pressure. Anesthesiology 61:169-72, 1984.

60. Vavilala MS, O'Donnell RJ, Conrad EU III, Panos AL, Stephens KE, Cheney FW: Paradoxical air embolism after lower limb reconstruction. Anesth Analg 83:654-5, 1996.

61. Wadhwa RK, McKenzie R, Wadhwa SR, Katz DL, Byers JF: Gas embolism during laparoscopy. Anesthesiology 48:74-6, 1978.

62. Wasnick JD, Vassallo SA, Hoffman WJ, Russell TK, Eichenholz PW: Venous air embolism and cervical microdiscectomy. Anesth Analg 81:1287-8, 1995.

63. Zentner J, Albrecht T, Hassler W: Prevention of an air embolism by moderate hypoventilation during surgery in the sitting position. Neurosurgery 28:705-8, 1991.

64. Zanette EM, Mancini G, DeCastro S, Solaro M, Cartoni D, Chiarotti F: Patent foramen ovale and transcranial Doppler. Comparison of different procedures. Stroke 27:2251-5, 1996.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism

*+1. Clark SL: Amniotic fluid embolism. Clin Perinatol 13:801-11, 1986.
 

2. Clark SL, Montz FJ, Phelan JP: Hemodynamic alterations associated with amniotic fluid embolism: a reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:617-21,1985.

*+3. Clark SL: New concepts of amniotic fluid embolism: a review. Obstet Gynecol Survery 45:360-8, 1990.

*4. Clark SL, Hankins GDV, Dudley DA, Dildy GA, Porter TH: Amniotic fluid embolism: analysis of the national registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:1158-67, 1995.

5. Davies S: Amniotic fluid embolus: a review of the literature. Can J Anaesth 48(1):88-98, 2001 .

6. Dolyniuk M, Orfei E, Vania H, Karlman R, Tomich P: Rapid diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism. Obstet Gynecol 61:28-30S, 1983.

*+7. Dudney TM, Elliot CG: Pulmonary embolism from amniotic fluid, fat, and air. Prog Cardiovasc Diseases 36:447-74, 1994.

8. Girarrd P, Mal H, Laine JF, Petitpretz P, Rain B, Duroux P: Left heart failure in amniotic fluid embolism. Anesthesiology 64:262-5, 1986.

9. Hankins GDV, Snyder RR, Clark SL, Schwartz L, Patterson WR, Butzin CA: Acute hemodynamic and respiratory effects of amniotic fluid embolism in the pregnant goat model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1113-29, 1993.

10. Johnson TRB, Abbasi IA, Urso PJ: Fetal heart rate patterns associated with amniotic fluid embolism. Am J Perinatol 4:187-90, 1987.

11. Karetzky M, Ramirez M: Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy. An analysis of 19 cases. Medicine 77:41-9, 1998.

12. Kobayashi H, Ooi H, Hayakawa H, Arai T, Matsuda Y, Gotoh K, Tarao T: Histological diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism by monoclonal antibody TKH-2 thatrecognizes NeuAc alpha 2-6GalNAc epitope. Hum Pathol 28:428-33, 1997.

13. Quance D: Amniotic fluid embolism: detection by pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology 68:951-2, 1988.

14. Rodgers GP, Heymach GJ: Cryoprecipitate therapy in amniotic fluid embolization. Am J Med 76:916-20, 1984.

15. Shechtman M, Ziser A, Markovits R, Rozenberg B: Amniotic fluid embolism: early findings of transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg 89(6):1456-8, 1999.

Fat Embolism

*+1. Bulger EM, Smith DG, Maier RV, Jurkovich GJ: Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review. Arch Surg 132:435-9, 1997.
 

*2. Byrick RJ, Kay JC, Mullin JB: Capnography is not as sensitive as pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in detecting marrow microembolism. Studies in a canine model. Anesth Analg 68:94-100, 1989.

3. Byrick RJ, Mullen JB, Wong PY, Kay JC, Wigglesworth D, Doran RJ: Prostanoid production and pulmonary hypertension after fat embolism are not modified by methylprednisolone. Can J Anaesth 38:660-7, 1991.

*4. Citero G, Bianchini E, Beretta L: Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral fat embolism: a case report. Intensive Care Med 21:679-81, 1995.

5. Colonna DM, Kilgus D, Brown W, Challa V, Stump DA, Moody DM: Acute brain fat embolization occurring after total hip arthroplasty in the absence of a patent foramen ovale. Anesthesiology 96(4):1027-9, 2002.

6. Dive AM, Dubois PE, Ide C, Bulpa PA, Broka SM, Installe E: Paradoxical cerebral fat embolism: an unusual cause of persistent unconsciousness after orthopedic surgery. Anesthesiology 96(4):1029-31, 2002.

7. Dorr LD, Merkel C, Mellman MF, Klein I: Fat emboli in bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Predictive factors for neurologic manifestations. Clin Orthop 248:112-8, 1989.

*+8. Elmaraghy AW, Humeniuk B, Anderson GI, Schemitsch EH, Richards RR: The role of methylmethacrylate monomer in the formation and haemodynamic outcomeof pulmonary fat emboli. J Bone Joint Surg Br 80:156-61, 1998.

*9. Erdem E, Namer IJ, Saribas O, Aras T, Tan E, Bekdik C, Zileli T: Cerebral fat embolism studied with MRI and SPECT. Neuroradiology 35:199-201, 1993.

*10. Etchells EE, Wong DT, Davidson G, Houston PL: Fatal cerebral fat embolism associated with a patent foramen ovale. Chest 104:962-3, 1993.

11. Fabian TC, Hoots AV, Stanford DS, Patterson CR, Mangiante EC: Fat embolism syndrome: prospective evaluation in 92 fracture patients. Crit Care Med 18:42-6, 1990.

*+12. Gossling HR, Pellegrini VD: Fat embolism syndrome: a review of the pathophysiology and physiologic basis of treatment. Clin Orthop 165:68-82, 1982.

*+13. Hulman G: The pathogenesis of fat embolism. J Pathol 176:3-9,1995.

14. Jacobson DM, Terrence CF, Reimuth OM: The neurologic manifestations of fat embolism. Neurology 36:847-51, 1986.

15. Jenkins K, Chung F, Wennberg R, Etchells EE, Davey R: Fat embolism syndrome and elective knee arthroplasty. Can J Anaesth 49(1):19-24, 2002 .

16. Kamenar E, Burger PC: Cerebral fat embolism. A neuropathological study of a microembolic state. Stroke 11:477-84, 1980.

17. Kim YH, Oh SW, Kim JS: Prevalence of fat embolism following bilateral simultaneous and unilateral total hip arthroplasty performed with or without cement : a prospective, randomized clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A(8):1372-9, 2002.

18. Murphy P, Edelist G, Byrick RJ, Kay JC, Mullen JB: Relationship of fat embolism to haemodynamic and echocardiographic changes during cemented arthroplasty. Can J Anaesth 44:1293-1300, 1997.

19. Pell AC, Christie J, Keating JF, Sutherland GR: The detection of fat embolism by transoesophageal echocardiography during reamed intramedullary nailing. A study of 24 patients with femoral and tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 75:921-5, 1993.

20. Pitto RP, Hamer H, Fabiani R, Radespiel-Troeger M, Koessler M: Prophylaxis against fat and bone-marrow embolism during total hip arthroplasty reduces the incidence of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis: a controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A(1):39-48, 2002.

*+21. Richards RR: Fat embolism syndrome. Can J Surg 40:334-9, 1997.

+22. Robert JH, Hoffmeyer P, Broquet PE, Cerutti P, Vasey H: Fat embolism syndrome. Orthop Rev 22:567-71, 1993.

Thromboembolism

1. Alexander LF, Yamamoto Y, Ayoubi S, al-Mefty O, Smith RR: Efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in the lysis of thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinus. Neurosurgery 26:559-64, 1990.
 

2. Averback P: Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in young adults: the diverse manifestations of an under recognized disease. Ann Neurol 3:81-6, 1978.

3. Bednar MM, Raymond S, McAuliffe T, Lodge PA, Gross CE: The role of neutrophils and platelets in a rabbit model of thromboembolic stroke. Stroke 22:44-50,1991.

4. Benes V, Zabramski JM, Boston M, Puca A, Spetzler RF: Effect of intra-arterial antifibrinolytic agents on autologous arterial emboli in the cerebral circulation of rabbits. Stroke 21:1594-9, 1990.

5. Berg-Dammer E, Mobius E, Nahser HC, Kuhne D: Local thrombolytic therapy for thromboembolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neurol Res 14:164-6, 1992.

*6. Caplan LR: Brain embolism, revisited. Neurology 43:1281-7, 1993.

*+7. Cerebral Embolism Task Force: Cardiogenic brain embolism: the second report of the Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Arch Neurol 46:727-43, 1989.

*+8. del Zoppo GJ, Poeck K, Pessin MS, Wolpert SM, Furlan AJ, Ferbert A, Alberst MJ, Zivin JA, Wechsler L, Busse O: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute thrombotic and embolic stroke. Ann Neurol 32:78-86, 1992.

9. Grossman R, Novak G, Patel M, Maytal J, Ferreira J, Eviatar L: MRI in neonatal dural sinus thrombosis. Pediatr Neurol 9:235-8, 1993.

10. Isensee C, Reul J, Thron A: Magnetic resonance imaging of thrombosed dural sinuses. Stroke 25:29-34, 1994.

11. Poltera AA: The pathology of intracranial venous thrombosis in oral contraception. J Pathol 106:209-19, 1972.

12. Sherman DG: Cardiac embolism: the neurologist's perspective. Am J Cardiol 65:32-7C, 1990.

13. Stephens PH, Lennox G, Hirsch N, Miller D: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis after internal jugular vein cannulation. Br J Anaesth 67:476-9, 1991.

14. Tveteras L, Kristensen S, Dommerby H: Septic cavernous and lateral sinus thrombosis: modern diagnostic and therapeutic principles. J Laryngol Otol 102:877-82, 1988.

15. Ungersbock K, Heimann A, Kempski O: Cerebral blood flow alterations in a rat model of cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 24:563-70, 1993.

*16. Van Camp G, Shulze D, Cosyns B, Vandenbossche JL: Relation between patent foramen ovale and unexplained stroke. Am J Cardiol 71:596-8, 1993.

17. Wardlaw JM, Vaughan GT, Steers AJW, Sellar RJ: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound findings in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neurosurg 80:332-5, 1994.

18. Wipf JE, Lipsky BA: Atrial fibrillation: thromboembolic risk and indications for anticoagulation. Arch Int Med 150:1598-1603, 1990.

19. Wong DHW: Perioperative stroke Part II: cardiac surgery and cardiogenic embolic stroke. Can J Anaesth 38:471-88, 1991.
 


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