Anatomy and Physiology

1. Adams HP Jr, Special Writing Group Stroke Council, American Heart Association: Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 25:1901-1914, 1994.

+2. Bove EL, Fry WJ, Gross WS, Stanley JC: Hypotension and hypertension as consequences of baroreceptor dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 85:633-637, 1979.

3. Feinberg WM, Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks, Stroke Council, American Heart Association: Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks. Stroke 25:1320-1335, 1994.

4. Herrick IA, Gelb AW: Occlusive cerebrovascular disease: anesthetic considerations.  In: Anesthesia and Neurosurgery, 4th edition.  Edited by Cottrell JE, Smith DS.  St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2001, pp 459-471.

5. Mosmans PCM, Jonkman EJ: Changes in cerebral blood flow pattern after carotid endarterectomy. Acta Neurol Scand 78:104-109, 1988.

6. Prough DS, Scuderi PE, McWhorter JM, Balestrieri FJ, Davis CH Jr, Stullken EH: Hemodynamic status following regional and general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesth 1:35-40, 1989.

7.Schroeder T: Hemodynamic significance of internal carotid artery disease. Acta Neurol Scand 77:353-372, 1988.

8. Stork JL, Levi CR, Chambers BR, Abbott AL, Donnan GA: Possible determinants of early microembolism after carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 33(8):2082-5, 2002.

9. Sundt TM Jr: Surgical and functional anatomy of the carotid triangle, Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease. Diagnosis and Surgical Management. Edited by Sundt TM Jr. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1987, pp 173-181.

+10. Wade JG, Larson CP Jr, Hickey RF, Ehrenfeld WK, Severinghaus JW: Effect of carotid endarterectomy on carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor function in man. N Engl J Med 15:824-829, 1970.

Surgical and Anesthetic Techniques

1. Barnett HJ: Carotid angioplasty/stenting versus endarterectomy. J Clin Neurosci 8(6):591-3, 2001.

2. Bond R, Warlow CP, Naylor AR, Rothwell PM: Variation in surgical and anaesthetic technique and associations with operative risk in the European carotid surgery trial: implications for trials of ancillary techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23(2):117-26, 2002.

3. Brown MM: Angioplasty will not replace carotid endarterectomy for stroke prevention. J Clin Neurosci 8(6):590-1; discussion 591-3, 2001.

4. Cao PG, de Rango P, Zannetti S, Giordano G, Ricci S, Celani MG: Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy for preventing stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD001921, 2001.

5.Cheng MA, Theard MA, Tempelhoff: Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a survey. J Neurosurg Anesth 9:211-216, 1997.

6. Chaikof EL, Dodson TF, Thomas BL, Smith RB: Four steps to local anesthesia for endarterectomy of the carotid artery. Surg Gynecol Obs 177:308-310, 1993.

7. Gottlieb A, Satariano-Hayden P, Schoenwald P, Ryckman J, Piedmonte M: The effects of carotid sinus nerve blockade on hemodynamic stability after carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 11:67-71, 1997.

8. Hobson RW 2nd: Update on the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial (CREST) protocol. J Am Coll Surg 194(1 Suppl):S9-14, 2002.

9. Knighton JD, Stoneham MD: Carotid endarterectomy. A survey of UK anaesthetic practice. Anaesthesia 55:481-485, 2000.

+*10. Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM Jr, Fode N, et al: Isoflurane when compared to enflurane and halothane decreases the frequency of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 67:336-340, 1987.

*11. Sieber FE: The neurologic implications of diabetic hyperglycemia during surgical procedures at increased risk for brain ischemia. J Clin Anesth 9:334-340, 1997.

12. Smith JS, Roizen MF, Cahalan MK, Benefiel DJ, Beaupre PN, Sohn YJ, Byrd BF, Schiller NB, Stoney RJ, Ehrenfeld WK, Ellis JE, Aronson S: Does anesthetic technique make a difference? Augmentation of systolic blood pressure during carotid endarterectomy: Effects of phenylephrine versus light general anesthesia and of isoflurane versus halothane on the incidence of myocardial ischemia. Anesthesiology 69:846-853, 1988.

*13. Stoneham MD, Knighton JD: Regional anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. Br J Anaesth 82:910-919, 1999.

14. Sundt TM Jr, Sharbrough FW, Marsh WR, Ebersold MJ, Piepgras DG, Messick JM Jr: The risk-benefit ratio of intraoperative shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg 203:196-204, 1986.

15. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Ostapkovich N: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients undergoing anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. A comparison of isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 68:712-717, 1989.

Complications and Results

1. Barnett HJ, Meldrum HE, Eliasziw M: The appropriate use of carotid endarterectomy. CMAJ 30;166(9):1169-79, 2002.

2. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Ferguson GG, Haynes RB, Rankin RN, Clagett GP, Hachinski VC, Sackett DL, Thorpe KE, Meldrum HE:  Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 12;339(20):1415-25, 1998.

3. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, Stukel TA, Lucas FL, Batista I, Welch HG, Wennberg DE: Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 11;346(15):1128-37, 2002.

4. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group: MRC European carotid surgery trial: Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 337:1235-1243, 1991.

5. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group: Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery trial (ECST). Lancet 351:1379-1387, 1998.

6. Ferguson GG, Eliasziw M, Barr HW, Clagett GP, Barnes RW, Wallace MC, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Finan JW, Hachinski VC, Barnett HJ: The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: surgical results in 1415 patients. Stroke 30:1751-1758, 1999.

*7. Findlay JM, Tucker WS, Ferguson GG, Holness RO, Walace MC, Wong JH: Guidelines for the use of carotid endarterectomy: current recommendations from the Canadian Neurosurgical Society. Can Med Assoc J 157:653-659, 1997.

8. Hsia DC, Moscoe LM, Krushat WM: Epidemiology of carotid endarterectomy among Medicare beneficiaries. Stroke 29:346-350, 1998.

9. Huber TS, Seeger JM: Dartmouth Atlas of Vascular Health Care review: impact of hospital volume, surgeon volume, and training on outcome. J Vasc Surg 34(4):751-6, 2001.

10. Lanzino G, Couture D, Andreoli A, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN: Carotid endarterectomy: can we select surgical candidates at high risk for stroke and low risk for perioperative complications? Neurosurgery 49(4):913-23; discussion 923-4, 2001.

11. Levi CR, Stork JL, Chambers BR, Abbott AL, Cameron HM, Peeters A, Royle JP, Roberts AK, Fell G, Hoare MC, Chan AT, Donnan GA: Dextran reduces embolic signals after carotid endarterectomy. Ann Neurol 50(4):544-7, 2001.

*12. Moore WS, Barnett HJM, Beebe HG, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy. A multidisciplinary consensus statement from the ad hoc committee, American Heart Association. Stroke 26:188-201, 1995.

13.  Naylor AR, Hayes PD, Allroggen H, Lennard N, Gaunt ME, Thompson MM, London NJ, Bell PR: Reducing the risk of carotid surgery: a 7-year audit of the role of monitoring and quality control assessment. J Vasc Surg 32(4):750-9, 2000.

14. [No author listed] Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 325:445-453, 1991.

*15. Paciaroni M, Eliasziw M, Kappelle LJ, Finan JW, Ferguson GG, Barnett HJ: Medical complications associated with carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 30:1759-1763, 1999.

+*16. Sundt TM Jr, Sandok BA, Whisnant JP: Carotid endarterectomy. Complications and preoperative assessment of risk. Mayo Clin Proc 50:301-306, 1975.

Intraoperative Monitoring Techniques

1. Blume WT, Ferguson GG, McNeill K: Significance of EEG changes at carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 17:891-897, 1986.

2. Bond R, Rerkasem K, Counsell C, Salinas R, Naylor R, Warlow CP, Rothwell PM: Routine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy (and different methods of monitoring in selective shunting). Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000190, 2002.

3. Bydon A, Thomas AJ, Seyfried D, Malik G: Carotid endarterectomy in patients with contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion without intraoperative shunting. Surg Neurol 57(5):325-30; discussion 331-2, 2002.

+4. Chemtob G, Kearse LA Jr: The use of electroencephalography in carotid endarterectomy. Int Anesth Clin 28:143-146, 1990.

5. Drader KS, Herrick IA: Carotid endarterectomy: monitoring and its effect on outcome. Anesth Clin North Amer 15:613-629, 1997.

6. Lam AM, Manninen PH, Ferguson GG, Nantau W: Monitoring electrophysiologic function during carotid endarterectomy: A comparison of somatosensory evoked potentials and conventional electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 75:15-21, 1991.

7. Landesberg G, Mosseri M, Wolf Y, Vesselov Y, Weissman C: Perioperative myocardial ischemia and infarction: identification by continuous 12-lead electrocardiogram with online ST-segment monitoring. Anesthesiology 96(2):264-70, 2002.

+8. McKay RD, Sundt TM Jr, Michenfelder JD, Gronert GA, Messick JM, Sharbrough FW, Piepgras DG: Internal carotid artery stump pressure and cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy: Modification by halothane, enflurane and Innovar. Anesthesiology 45:390-399, 1976.

+9. Messick JM Jr, Casement B, Sharbrough FW, Milde LN, Michenfelder JD, Sundt TM Jr: Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with EEG changes during isoflurane anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: Critical rCBF. Anesthesiology 66:344-349, 1987.

+10. Morawetz RB, Zeiger HE, McDowell HA Jr, McKay RD, Varner PD, Gelman S, Halsey JH: Correlation of cerebral blood flow and EEG during carotid occlusion for endarterectomy (without shunting) and neurologic outcome. Surgery 96:184-189, 1984.

+11. Sundt TM Jr, Sharbrough FW, Piepgras DG, Kearns TP, Messick JM Jr, O'Fallon WM: Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy. Mayo Clin Proc 56:533-543, 1981.

12. Whitley D, Cherry KJ Jr: Predictive value of carotid artery stump pressures during carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am:723-732. 1996.

13. Zampella E, Morawetz RB, McDowell HA, Zeiger HE, Varner PD, McKay RD, Halsey JH: The importance of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 29:727-731, 1991.