Compiled by Sulpicio G. Soriano, M.D.
Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

1. Alfery DD, Shapiro HM, Gagnon RL: Cardiac arrest following rapid draining of cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with hydrocephalus. Anesthesiology 52:443-444, 1980.

2. Aoki N: Lumboperitoneal shunt: Clinical applications, complications, and comparison with ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Neurosurgery 26:998-1004, 1990.

*3. Asai A, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP: Dandy-Walker Syndrome: Experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Pediatr Neurosci 15:66-73, 1989.

4. Bayston R. Hydrocephalus shunt infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 34:(Suppl A)75-84, 1994.

5. Benzel EC, Pelletier AL, Levy PG: Communicating hydrocephalus in adults: prediction of outcome after ventricular shunting procedures. Neurosurgery 26:655-660, 1990.

6. Berger MS, Baumeister B, Geyer JR, Milstein J, Kanev PM, LeRoux PD: The risks of metastases from shunting in children with primary central nervous system tumors. J Neurosurg 74:872-877, 1991.

+7. Bret P, Guyotat J, Chazal J. Is normal pressure hydrocephalus a valid concept in 2002? A reappraisal in five questions and proposal for a new designation of the syndrome as "chronic hydrocephalus"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:9-12, 2002.

8. Buxton N, Punt J: Failure to follow patients with hydrocephalus shunts can lead to death. Br J Neurosurg 12:399-401, 1998.

9. Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C, La Marca F: Shunt complications in the first postoperative year in children with meningomyelocele. Childs Nerv Syst 12:748-754, 1996.

10. Chapman PH, Cosman ER, Arnold MA: The relationship between ventricular fluid pressure and body position in normal subjects and subjects with shunts: a telemetric study. Neurosurgery 26:181-189, 1990.

*11. Charney EB, Rorke LB, Sutton LN, Schut L: Management of Chiari II complications in infants with myelomeningocele. J Pediatr 111:364-371, 1987.

12. Cinalli G, Salazar C, Mallucci C, Yada JZ, Zerah M, Sainte-Rose C: The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of shunt malfunction. Neurosurgery 43:1323-1327, 1998.

13. Drake JM, Kestle JR, Tuli S.CSF shunts 50 years on--past, present and future.Childs Nerv Syst. 16:800-4. 2000.

14. El-Dawlatly AA, Murshid WR, Elshimy A, Magboul MA, Samarkandi A, Takrouri MS The incidence of bradycardia during endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Anesth Analg 91:1142-1144, 2000.

15. Erdincler P, Dashti R, Kaynar MY, Canbaz B, Ciplak N, Kuday C: Hydrocephalus and chronically increased intracranial pressure in achondroplasia. Childs Nerv Syst 13:345-348, 1997.

16. Fabregas N, Lopez A, Valero R, Carrero E, Caral L, Ferrer E: Anesthetic management of surgical neuroendoscopies: usefulness of monitoring the pressure inside the neuroendoscope. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 12:21-28, 2000.

+17. Frim DM, Scott RM, Madsen JR: Surgical management of neonatal hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin N Am 9:105-110, 1998.

18. Goh D, Minns RA: Intracranial pressure and cerebral arterial flow velocity indices in childhood hydrocephalus: current review. Childs Nerv Syst 11:392-396, 1995.

19. Golabi M, Edwards MSB, Ousterhout DK: Craniosynostosis and hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 21:63-67, 1987.

20. Guyot LL, Michael DB: Post-traumatic hydrocephalus. Neurol Res 22:25-28, 2000.

21. Haffner D, Schindera F, Aschoff A, Matthias S, Waldherr R, Scharer K: The clinical spectrum of shunt nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:1143-1148, 1997.

22. Haines SJ, Walters BC. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cerebrospinal fluid shunts: a metanalysis. Neurosurgery 34(1):87-92, 1994.

23. Iacopino DG, Zaccone C, Molina D, Todaro C, Tomasello F, Cardia E: Intraoperative monitoring of cerebral blood flow during ventricular shunting in hydrocephalic pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst 11:483-486, 1995.

+24. Johnson JO, Jimenez DF, Tobias JD Anaesthetic care during minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures in infants and children Paediatr Anaesth 12:478-88, 2002.

+25. Kang JK, Lee IW: Long-term follow-up of shunting therapy. Childs Nerv Syst 15:711-717, 1999.

26. Key CB, Rothrock SG, Falk JL: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt complications: an emergency medicine perspective. Pediatr Emerg Care 11:265-273, 1995.

27. Kristensen B, Malm J, Fagerland M, Hietala SO, Johanasson B, Ekstedt J, Karlsson T: Regional cerebral blood flow, white matter abnormalities, and cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in patients with idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60:282-288, 1996.

+28. Lo P, Drake JM. Shunt malfunctions. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 12:695-701, 2001.

29. Mayhew JF, Miner ME, Denneny J: Upper airway obstruction following cyst-to-peritoneal shunt in a child with a Dandy-Walker cyst. Anesthesiology 62:183-184, 1985.

30. Miller PD, Pollack IF, Pang D, Albright AL: Comparison of simultaneous versus delayed ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion in children undergoing myelomeningocele repair. J Child Neurol 11:370-372, 1996.

31. Osenbach RK, Menezes AH: Diagnosis and management of the Dandy-Walker malformation: 30 years of experience. Pediatr Neurosurg 18:179-189, 1992.

32. Patir R, Banerji AK: Complications related to pre-craniotomy shunts in posterior fossa tumours. Br J Neurosurg 4:387-390, 1990.

33. Pollack IF, Albright AL, Adelson PD: A randomized, controlled study of a programmable shunt valve versus a conventional valve for patients with hydrocephalus. Hakim-Medos Investigator Group. Neurosurgery 45:1399-408, 1999.

34. Pumberger W, Lobl M, Geissler W: Appendicitis in children with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Pediatr Neurosurg 28:21-26, 1998.

35. Raine RA, Young DG: Cardiac tamponade: an unusual complication of ventriculoatrial drainage of hydrocephalus. J Pediatr Surg 12:731-733, 1977.

36. Ralph K, Moylan P, Canady A, Simmons S: The effects of multiple shunt revisions on neuropsychological functioning and memory. Neurol Res 22:131-136, 2000.

37. Rappaport ZH, Shalit MN: Perioperative external ventricular drainage in obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to infratentorial brain tumours. Acta Neurochir 96:118-121, 1989.

+38. Rekate HL: Shunt revision: complications and their prevention. Ped Neurosurg 17:155-162, 1991.

39. Renier D, Lacombe J, Pierre-Kahn A, Sainte-Rose C, Hirsch JF: Factors causing acute shunt infection: computer analysis of 1174 operations. J Neurosurg 61:1072-1078, 1984.

40. Schroeder HW, Niendorf WR, Gaab MR. Complications of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg 96:1032-40, 2002.

41. Sgouros S, Malluci C, Walsh AR, Hockley AD: Long-term complications of hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 23:127-132, 1995.

42. Tanaka A, Kimura M, Nakayama Y, Yoshinaga S, Tomonaga M: Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 40:1161-1165, 1997.

*43. Tomita T, McLone DG: Acute respiratory arrest. Am J Dis Child 137:142-144, 1983.

44. Tomlinson P, Sugarman ID. Complications with shunts in adults with spina bifida. BMJ 311:286-287, 1995.

45. Tuli S, Drake J, Lawless J, Wigg M, Lamberti-Pasculli M: Risk factors for repeated cerebrospinal shunt failures in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 92:31-38, 2000.

46. Uzzo RG, Bilsky M, Mininberg DT, Poppas DP: Laparoscopic surgery in children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: effect of pneumoperitoneum on intracranial pressure-preliminary experience. Urology 49:753-757, 1997.

47. Vale FL, Bradley EL, Fisher WS III: The relationship of subarachnoid hemorrhage and the need for postoperative shunting. J Neurosurg 86:462-466, 1997.

48. Wisoff JH, Kratzert KJ, Handwerker SM, Young BK, Epstein F: Pregnancy in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts: report of a series and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 29:827-831, 1991.

49. Weiner D, Bierbrauer K: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction presenting as apnea and bradycardia. Pediatr Neurosurg 29:52, 1998.

+50. Whitehead WE, Kestle JR. The treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Results from a practice survey of the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgeons. Pediatr Neurosurg  35:205-10, 2001.

51. Yamamoto M, Oka K,Ikeda K, Tomonaga M. Percutaneous flexible neuroendoscopic ventriculostomy in patients with shunt malfunction as an alternative procedure to shunt revision. Surg Neurol 42:218-223, 1994.

52. Yasuda T, Tomita T, McLone DG, Donovan M. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid output through external ventricular drainage in one hundred infants and children: correlation with cerebrospinal fluid production. Pediatr Neurosurg 36:22-8,2002.