Analysis

1. Albright RE Jr, Christenson RH, Habig RL, Mears TP, Schneider KA: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TRAP: a method to improve CSF laboratory efficiency. Am J Clin Pathol 90:707-710, 1988.

2. Artru AA, Hornbein TF: Closed ventriculocisternal perfusion to determine CSF production rate and pressure. Am J Physiol 251:R996-R999, 1986.

3. Bloomfield IG, Johnston IH, Bilston LE: Effects of proteins, blood cells and glucose on the viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid. Pediatr Neurosurg 28: 246-51, 1998.

4. Brooks BR: Nonimmunoglutin proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid, The Cerebrospinal Fluid. Edited by Herndon RM, Brumback RA. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 167-178, 1989.

*5. DeCarli C, Maisog J, Murphy DGM, Teichberg D, Rapoport SI, Horwitz B: Method for quantification of brain, ventricular, and subarachnoid CSF volumes from MR images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 16:274-284, 1992.

6. Engdahl O, Abrahams M, Bjornsson A, Vegfors M, Norlander B, Ahlner J, Eintrei C: Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of propofol during anaesthesia in humans. Br J Anaesth 81: 957-9, 1998.

7. Herndon RM, Brumback RA: Cytopathology of the cerebrospinal fluid, The Cerebrospinal Fluid. Edited by Herndon RM, Brumback RA. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 261-300, 1989.

8. Iwama H, Ohmori S, Tsutsumi T: Detectable concentrations of urinary trypsin inhibitor in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 12: 29-32, 2000.

9. Klimscha W, Tong C, Eisenach JC: Intrathecal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists stimulate acetylocholine and norepinephrine release from the spinal cord dorsal horn in sheep. An in vivo microdialysis study. Anesthesiology 87:110-116, 1997.

*10. Kohn MI, Tanna NK, Herman GT, Resnick SM, Mozley PD, Gur RE, Alavi A, Zimmerman RA, Gur RC: Analysis of brain and cerebrospinal fluid volumes with MR imaging. Part I. Methods, reliability and validation. Radiology 178:115-122, 1991.

11. Kryzhavovsky GN, Shandra AA, Godlevsky LS, Karganov MY: Antiepileptic properties of cerebrospinal fluid after activation of the antiepileptic system of the brain. Epilepsia 30:631-635, 1989.

12. Lampl Y, Paniri Y, Eshel Y, Sarova-Pinhas I: Cerebrospinal fluid lactate dehydrogenase levels in early stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 21:854-857, 1990.

13. Leib SL, Boscacci R, Gratzl O, Zimmerli W: Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate level versus CSF/blood glucose ratio for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis following neurosurgery. Clin Infect Dis 29: 69-74, 1999.

14. Mutch WA, Thiessen DB, Girling LG, Graham MR: Neuroanesthesia adjunct therapy (mannitol and hyperventilation) is as effective as cerebrospinal fluid drainage for prevention of paraplegia after descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping in the dog. Anesth Analg 81:800-805, 1995.

15. Silberring J, Lyrenas S, Nyberg F: Application of high performance liquid chromatography combined with diode-array detection for analysis of proteins and peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid. Biomed Chromatogr 3:203-208, 1989.

16. Stachura Z, Kowalski J, Obuchowicz E, Huzarska M, Herman ZS: Concentration of enkephalins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients after severe head injury. Neuropeptides 31: 78-81, 1997.

17. Trotter JL, Rust RS: Human cerebrospinal fluid immunology, The Cerebrospinal Fluid. Edited by Hernodn RM, Brumback RA. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 179-226, 1989.

18. Tsai PS, Buerkle H, Huang LT, Lee TC, Yang LC, Lee JH: Lidocaine concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after systemic bolus administration in humans. Anesth Analg 87: 601-4, 1998.

19. van Dongen EP, Ter Beek HT, Boezeman EH, Schepens MA, Langemeijer HJ, Aarts LP: Normal serum concentrations of S-100 protein and changes in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of S-100 protein during and after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: Is S-100 protein a biochemical marker of clinical value in detecting spinal cord ischemia? J Vasc Surg 27: 344-6, 1998.

20. Yeager MP, Lunt P, Arruda J, Whalen K, Rose R, DeLeo JA: Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels after surgery with spinal or general anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 24: 557-62, 1999.

Drug Effects

1. Artru AA: Concentration-related changes in the rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF during enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in dogs receiving nitrous oxide. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 1:256-262, 1989.

2. Artru AA: Dose-related changes in the rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation and resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid following administration of thiopental, midazolam, and etomidate in dogs. Anesthesiology 69:541-546, 1988.

3. Artru AA: Dose-related changes in the rate of CSF formation and resistance to a reabsorption of CSF during administration of fentanyl, sufentanil, or alfentanil in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 3:283-290, 1991.

4. Artru AA: Intracranial volume/pressure relationship during desflurane anesthesia in dogs: comparison with isoflurane and thiopental/halothane. Anesth Analg 79:751-760, 1994.

5. Artru AA: Isoflurane does not increase the rate of CSF production in the dog. Anesthesiology 60:193-197, 1984.

6. Artru AA: Muscle relaxation with succinylcholine or vecuronium does not alter the rate of CSF production or resistance to reabsorption of CSF in dogs. Anesthesiology 68:392-396, 1988.

*7. Artru AA: Propofol combined with fentanyl or with fentanyl/halothane does not alter the rate of CSF formation or resistance to reabsorption of CSF in rabbits. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 5:250-257, 1993.

8. Artru AA: Rate of CSF formation, resistance to reabsorption of CSF, brain tissue water content and electroencephalogram during desflurane anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 5:178-186, 1993.

9. Artru AA: The rate of CSF formation, resistance to reabsorption of CSF, and aperiodic analysis of the EEG following administration of flumazenil to dogs. Anesthesiology 72:111-117, 1990.

10. Artru AA, Bernards CM, Mautz DS, Powers KM: Intravenous lidocaine decreases but cocaine does not alter the rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation in anesthetized rabbits. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:31-43, 1997.

11. Artru AA, Momota T: Rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF during sevoflurane or remifentanil in rabbits. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 12:37-43, 2000.

12. Artru AA, Powers K, Doepfner P: CSF, sagittal sinus, and jugular venous pressures during desflurane or isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:239-248, 1994.

13. Artru AA, Powers KM: Furosemide decreases cerebrospinal fluid formation during desflurane anesthesia in rabbits. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:166-174, 1997.

*14. Donato T, Shapira Y, Artru AA, Powers K: Effect of mannitol on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and brain tissue edema. Anesth Analg 78:58-66, 1994.

15. Hormann C, Langmayr J, Schalow S, Benzer A: Low-dose sufentanil increases cerebrospinal fluid pressure in human volunteers. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:7-11, 1995.

*16. Jamali S, Ravussin P, Archer D, Goutallier D, Parker F, Ecoffey C: The effects of bolus administration of opioids on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with supratentorial lesions. Anesth Analg 82:600-606, 1996.

17. Maktabi MA, Elbokl FF, Faraci FM, Todd MM: Halothane decreases the rate of production of cerebrospinal fluid. Possible role of vasopressin V1 receptors. Anesthesiology 78:72-82, 1993.

18. Melby JM, Miner LC, Reed DJ: Effect of acetazolamide and furosemide on the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid from the cat choroid plexus. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:405-409, 1982.

19. Momota Y, Artru AA, Powers KM, Mautz DS, Ueda Y: Posttreatment with propofol terminates lidocaine-induced epileptiform electroencephalogram activity in rabbits: effects on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Anesth Analg 87:900-906, 1998.

20. Moore RM, Trim CM: Effect of hypercapnia or xylazine on lateral ventricle and lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid pressures in pentobarbital-anesthetized horses. Vet Surg 22:151-158, 1993.

*21. Naveh Y, Kitzes R, Lemberger A, Ben-David S, Feinsod M: Effect of histamine H2 receptor antagonists on the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid in the cat. J Neurochem 58:1347-1352, 1992.

22. Searles RV, Davis RA, Severs WB: Pentobarbital alters the response of cerebrospinal fluid pressure evoked by two provocative tests in rats. Pharmacology 52:78-85, 1996.

*23. Talke P, Caldwell J, Dodsont B, Richardson CA: Desflurane and isoflurane increase lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure in normocapnic patients undergoing transphenoidal hypophysectomy. Anesthesiology 85:999-1004, 1996.

24. Vela AR, Carey ME, Thompson BM: Further data on the acute effect of intravenous steroids on canine CSF secretion and absorption. J Neurosurg 50:477-482, 1979.

25. Vogh BP, Godman DR: Addition of effects of norepinephrine and acetazolamide to decrease formation of cerebrospinal fluid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:207-209, 1984.

26. Vogh BP, Langham MR Jr: The effect of furosemide and bumetanide on cerebrospinal fluid formation. Brain Res 221:171-183, 1981.

Metabolism and Physiology

1. Albeck MJ, Skak C, Nielsen PR, Olsen KS, Borgesen SE, Gjerris F: Age dependency of resistance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow. J Neurosurg 89: 275-8, 1998.

2. Alfery DD, Shapiro HM, Gagnon RL: Cardiac arrest following rapid drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with hydrocephalus. Anesthesiology 52:443-444, 1980.

3. Artru AA, Hornbein TF: Prolonged hypocapnia does not alter the rate of CSF production in dogs during halothane anesthesia or sedation with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 67:66-71, 1987.

4. Avezaat CJ, van Eijnkhoven JHM: Clinical observations on the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure and intracranial pressure. Acta Neurochr 79:13-29, 1986.

5. Bech RA, Juhler M, Waldemar G, Klinken L, Gjerris F: Frontal brain and leptomeningeal biopsy specimens correlated with cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance and B-wave activity in patients suspected of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 40: 497-502, 1997.

6. Bernards CM, Artru AA: Hexamethonium and midazolam terminate dysrhythmias and hypertension caused by intracerebroventricular bupivacaine in rabbits. Anesthesiology 74:89-96, 1991.

7. Blasberg R, Johnson D, Fenstermacher J: Absorption resistance of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the monkey with effects of heparin. Neurosurgery 9:686-691, 1981.

8. Cutler RW, Page L, Galicich J, Watters GV: Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Brain 91:707-720, 1982.

9. Foxworthy JC IV, Artru AA: Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and brain tissue composition following intravenous infusions of hypertonic saline in anesthetized rabbits. J Neurosurg Anesthiol 2:256-265, 1990.

10. Fujita N: Prostaglandin E1-induced hypotension: its effect on rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation in anesthetized cats. J Osaka Dent Univ 27:67-76, 1993.

11. Go KG, Hochwald GM, Koster-Otte L, van Zenten AK, Gandhi M: The effect of cold-induced brain edema on cerebrospinal fluid formation rate. J Neurosurg 53:652-655, 1980.

12. Grady RE, Horlocker TT, Brown RD, Maxson PM, Schroeder DR: Neurologic complications after placement of cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters and needles in anesthetized patients: implications for regional anesthesia. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group. Anesth Analg 88: 388-92, 1999.

13. Gruber A, Rossler K, Graninger W, Donner A, Illievich MU, Czech T: Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of sTNFR-I, IL-1ra, and IL-6 after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 12:297-306, 2000.

14. Harnish PP, Northington FK, DiStefano V, Banerjee S: Mechanisms of decreased cerebrospinal fluid production by radiographic contrast media: role of adenylate cyclase activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 236:464-469, 1986.

15. Heisey SR, Adams T, Fisher MJ, Dang W: Effect of hypercapnia and cerebral perfusion pressure on cerebrospinal fluid production in cat. Am J Physiol 244:R224-227, 1983.

16. Hennes HJ, Jantzen JP: Effects of fenoldopam on intracranial pressure and hemodynamic variables at normal and elevated intracranial pressure in anesthetized pigs. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 6:175-181, 1994.

17. Hoffman O: Biomathematics of intracranial CSF and haemodynamcis. Simulation and analysis with the aid of a mathematical model. Acta Neurochir 40(Suppl):117-130, 1987.

18. Kotani J, Adachi R, Fujita N, Sugioka S, Ueda Y: Effect of cerebral venous congestion on the pressure-volume index in the evaluation of intracranial pressure dynamics. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 5:121-126, 1993.

19. Kotani J, Momota Y, Sugioka S, Umemura A, Ueda Y: Effect of head-down tilt on intracranial pressure and sagittal sinus pressure during general anesthesia in cats. Anesth Prog 39:209-211, 1993.

20. Maktabi MA, Stachovic GC, Faraci FM: Angiotensin II decreases the rate of production of cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res 606:44-49, 1993.

21. Marathe PH, Shen DD, Artru AA, Bowdle TA: Effect of serum protein binding on the entry of lidocaine into brain and cerebrospinal fluid in dogs. Anesthesiology 75:804-812, 1991.

*22. Nilsson C, Lindvall-Axelsson M, Owman C: Simultaneous and continuous measurement of choroid plexus blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid production: effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11:861-867, 1991.

+23. Oppelt WW, Maren TH, Owens ES, Rall DP: Effects of acid-base alternations on cerebrospinal fluid production. Proc Soc Exp Biol 114:86-89, 1963.

24. Portnoy HD, Chopp M, Branch C, Shannon MB: Cerebrospinal fluid pulse waveform as an indicator of cerebral autoregulation. J Neurosurg 56:666-678, 1982.
25. Sanchez-Valverde MA, Laredo FG, Lopez F, Agut A, Murciano J: Method of recording cerebrospinal fluid pressure at three anatomic places in conscious and unrestrained adult wistar rats. Neurosci Res 24:103-107, 1995.

*26. Schalk KA, Faraci FM, Williams JL, Van Orden D, Heistad DD: Effect of atriopeptin on production of cerebrospinal fluid. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:691-696, 1992.

27. Shapira Y, Artru AA, Lam AM: Changes in the rate of formation and resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid during deliberate hypotension induced with adenosine or hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 76:432-439, 1992.

28. Turner CR, Losasso TJ, Muzzi DA, Weglinski MR: Brain relaxation and cerebrospinal fluid pressure during craniotomy for resection of supratentorial mass lesions. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 8:126-132, 1996.

29. Upton ML, Weller RO: The morphology of cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways in human arachnoid granulations. J Neurosurg 63:867-875, 1985.

30. Warner DS, Boarini DJ, Kassell NF: Cerebrovascular adaptation to prolonged halothane anesthesia is not related to cerebrospinal fluid pH. Anesthesiology 63:243-248, 1985.

+31. Wood JH: Physiology, pharmacology, and dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid, Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Edited by Wood JH. New York, Plenum Press, pp 1-16, 1980.

+32. Wright EM: Transport processes in the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 83:3-34, 1978.

33. Yamashima T: Functional ultrastructure of cerebrospinal fluid of drainage channels in human arachnoid villi. Neurosurgery 22:633-641, 1988.

34. Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang T, Chen L: Excitatory amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute head injuries. Clin Chem 47:1458-1462, 2001.