Compiled by Karen B. Domino, M.D., M.P.H.
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

1. Ahuja A, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN: Carotid cavernous fistula and false aneurysm of the cavernous carotid artery: complications of transphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery 31:774-779, 1992.

2. Annesley-Williams DJ, Goddard AJ, Brennan RP, Gholkar A: Endovascular approach to treatment of indirect carotico-cavernous fistulae. Br J Neurosurg 15(3):228-33, 2001.

3. Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT: Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg 62:248-256, 1985.

4. Chang CJ, Chen YR, Noordhoff MS, Chang CN, Yeh YS: Facial bone fracture associated with carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. J Trauma 30:1335-1339, 1990.

5. Debrun GM, Viñuela F, Fox AJ, Davis KR, Ahn HS: Indications for treatment and classification of 132 carotid-cavernous fistulas. Neurosurgery 22:285-289, 1988.

6. Golnik KC, Miller NR: Diagnosis of cavernous sinus arteriovenous fistula by measurement of ocular pulse amplitude. Ophthalmology 99:1146-1152, 1992.

7. Gomez CR, Gomez SM, Yoon KP, Kraus GE: Evaluation and follow-up of carotid-cavernous fistulas by transcranial Doppler sonography: Illustrative case. Neurosurgery 24:749-753, 1989.

8. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Barnwell SL, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB: Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Neurosurgery 26:1021-1027, 1990.

9. Hiramatsu K, Utsumi S, Kyoi K, Sakaki T, Tada T, Iwasaki S, Kichikawa K: Intracerebral hemorrhage in carotid-cavernous fistula. Neuroradiology 33:67-69, 1991.

10. Iida K, Uozumi T, Arita K, Nakahara T, Ohba S, Satoh H: Steal phenomenon in a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula. J Trauma 39:1015-1017, 1995.

11. Jacobson BE, Nesbit GM, Ahuja A, Barnwell SL: Traumatic indirect carotid-cavernous fistula: Report of two cases. Neurosurgery 39:1235-1237, 1996.

12. Jorgensen JS, Gutthott RF: 24 cases of cartid cavernous fistulas: Frequency, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Acta Ophthalmol 63 (suppl) 173:67-71, 1985.

13. Komiyama M, Yamanaka K, Nagata Y, Ishikawa H: Dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula and central retinal vein occlusion: A case report and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol 34:255-259, 1990.

14. Konishi Y, Hieshima GB, Hara M, Yoshino K, Yano K, Takeuchi K: Congenital fistula of the dural carotid-cavernous sinus: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 27:120-126, 1990.

15. Kuether TA, O'Neill OR, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL: Direct carotid cavernous fistula after trigeminal balloon microcompression gangliolysis: Case report. Neurosurgery 39:853-855, 1996.

16. Kurata A, Takano M, Tokiwa K, Miyasaka Y, Yada K, Kan S: Spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula presenting only with cranial nerve palsies. AJNR 14:1097-1101, 1993.

17. Lee AG: Third nerve palsy due to a carotid cavernous fistula without external eye signs. Neuro-Ophthalmology 16:183-187, 1996.

18. Lewis AI, Tomsick TA, Tew JM, Lawless MA: Long-term results in direct carotid-cavernous fistulas after treatment with detachable balloons. J Neurosurg 84:400-404, 1996.

19. Lin TK, Chang CN, Wai YY: Spontaneous intracerebral hematoma from occult carotid-cavernous fistula during pregnancy and puerperium. J Neurosurg 76:714-717, 1992.

20. Liu HM, Wang YH, Chen YF, Cheng JS, Yip PK, Tu YK: Long-term clinical outcome of spontaneous carotid cavernous sinus fistulae supplied by dural branches of the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology 43(11):1007-14, 2001.

21. Martin JD Jr, Mabon RF: Pulsating exophthalmos: A review of all reported cases. JAMA 121:330-335, 1943.

22. Matjasko MJ, Williams JP, Fontanilla M: Intraoperative use of Doppler to detect successful obliteration of carotid cavernous fistulas. J Neurosurg 43:634-636, 1975.

23. Meyers PM, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Lempert TE, Malek AM, Phatouros CC, Lefler JE, Higashida RT: Dural carotid cavernous fistula: definitive endovascular management and long-term follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 134(1):85-92, 2002.

24. Miyachi S, Negoro M, Handa T, Sugita K: Dural carotid cavernous fistula presenting as isolated oculomotor nerve palsy. Surg Neurol 39:105-109, 1993.

25. Muttaqin Z, Arita K, Uozumi T, Kuwabara S, Oki S, Ohba S, Kurisu K, Nakahara T, Kohno H, Satoh H: Transcranial doppler sonography in carotid-cavernous fistulas. Analysis of five cases. Surg Neurol 38:179-185, 1992.

26. Nukui H, Shibasaki T, Kaneko M, Sasaki H, Mitsuka S: Long-term observations in cases with spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. Surg Neurol 21:543-552, 1984.

27. Polin RS, Shaffrey ME, Jensen ME, Braden L, Ferguson RD, Dion JE, Kassell NF: Medical management in the endovascular treatment of carotid-cavernous aneurysms. J Neurosurg 84:755-761, 1996.

+28. Samii M, Tatagiba M: Skull base trauma: diagnosis and management. Neurol Res 24(2):147-56, 2002.

29. Schievink WI, Piepgras DG, Earnest F IV, Gordon H: Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulae in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. J Neurosurg 74:991-998, 1991.

30. Spector RH: Echographic diagnosis of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. Am J Ophthalmology 11:77-83, 1991.

External Carotid to Internal Carotid Artery Anastomoses

1. Adams HP Jr, Powers WJ, Grubb RL Jr, Clarke WR, Woolson RF: Preview of a new trial of extracranial-to-intracranial arterial anastomosis: the carotid occlusion surgery study. Neurosurg Clin N Am 12(3):613-24, ix-x, 2001.

+2. Barnett HJM: Stroke prevention by surgery for symptomatic disease in carotid territory. (Review) Neurol Clinics 10:281-292, 1992.

3. Barnett HJM, Sackett D, Taylor DW, Haynes B, Peerless SJ, Meissner I, Hachinski V, Fox A: Are the results of the extracranial-intracranial bypass trail generalizable? N Engl J Med 316:820-824, 1987.

4. Dorfmüller G, Sollmann WP, Lorenze M, Gaab MR, Hinrichs H, Feistner H: Hemodynamic and electrophysiological evaluation following extracranial/intracranial bypass surgery. Neurosurg Rev 15:165-169, 1992.

*5. EC/IC Bypass Study Group: Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke: Results of an international randomized trail. N Engl J Med 313:1191-1200, 1985.

6. EC/IC Bypass Study Group: The international cooperative study of extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomosis (EC/IC Bypass Study): Methodology and entry characteristics. Stroke 16:397-406, 1985.

*7. Goldring S, Zervas N, Langfitt T: The extracranial-intracranial bypass study. A report of the committee appointed by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons to examine the study. N Engl J Med 316:817-820, 1987.

8. Holohan TV: Extracranial-intracranial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Can Med Assoc J 144:1457-1465, 1991.

9. Jafar JJ, Russell SM, Woo HH: Treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms with saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass grafting: indications, operative technique, and results in 29 patients. Neurosurgery 51(1):138-44; discussion 144-6, 2002.

10. Kappelle LJ, Klijn CJ, Tulleken CA: Management of patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion. Clin Exp Hypertens 24(7-8):631-7, 2002.

11. Morgan MK, Ferch RD, Little NS, Harrington TJ: Bypass to the intracranial internal carotid artery. J Clin Neurosci 9(4):418-24, 2002.

12. Muraishi K, Kameyama M, Sato K, Sirane R, Ogawa A, Yoshimoto T, Hatazawa J, Itoh M: Cerebral circulatory and metabolic changes following EC/IC bypass surgery in cerebral occlusive diseases. Neurol Res 15:97-103, 1993.

*13. Sundt TM Jr: Was the international randomized trial of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass representative of the population at risk? N Engl J Med 316:814-817, 1987.

14. Umemura A, Yamada K, Masago A, Kanda Y, Matsumoto T, Shimazu N: Hemodynamic Flow Patterns Evaluated by Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography after STA-MCA Bypass for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion. Cerebrovasc Dis 14(3-4):143-7, 2002.

Moyamoya Disease

1. Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C, Gaglini P: Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in pediatric age. J Neurosurg Sci 45(2):83-91, 2001.

2. Chiu D, Shedden P, Bratina P, Grotta JC: Clinical features of moyamoya disease in the United States. Stroke 29(7):1347-51, 1998.

+3. Fukui M, Kono S, Sueishi K, Ikezaki K: Moyamoya disease. Neuropathology 20 Suppl:S61-4, 2000.

+4. Gosalakkal JA: Moyamoya disease: a review. Neurol India 50(1):6-10, 2002.

5. Han DH, Kwon OK, Byun BJ, Choi BY, Choi CW, Choi JU, Choi SG, Doh JO, Han JW, Jung S, Kang SD, Kim DJ, Kim HI, Kim HD, Kim MC, Kim SC, Kim SC, Kim Y, Kwun BD, Lee BG, Lim YJ, Moon JG, Park HS, Shin MS, Song JH, Suk JS, Yim MB: A co-operative study: clinical characteristics of 334 Korean patients with moyamoya disease treated at neurosurgical institutes (1976-1994). The Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 142(11):1263-73; discussion 1273-4, 2000.

6. Hoffman HJ: Moyamoya disease and syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S39-44, 1997.

7. Houkin K, Kuroda S, Nakayama N: Cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease in children. Neurosurg Clin N Am 12(3):575-84, ix, 2001.

8. Kohno K, Oka Y, Kohno S, Ohta S, Kumon Y, Sakaki S: Cerebral blood flow measurement as an indicator for an indirect revascularization procedure for adult patients with moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery 42(4):752-7; discussion 757-8, 1998.

9. Komiyama M, Yasui T, Kitano S, Sakamoto H, Fujitani K, Matsuo S: Moyamoya disease and pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 43(2):360-8; discussion 368-9, 1998.

10. Kuwabara Y, Ichiya Y, Sasaki M, Yoshida T, Masuda K, Ikezaki K, Matsushima T, Fukui M: Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in moyamoya disease--a positron emission tomography study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S74-8, 1997.

11. Moyamoya Disease: Progress in Basic and Clinical Study. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Moyamoya Disease. Fukuoka, Japan, July 29-30, 1996. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S1-245, 1997.

12. Mugikura S, Takahashi S, Higano S, Shirane R, Sakurai Y, Yamada S: Predominant involvement of ipsilateral anterior and posterior circulations in moyamoya disease. Stroke 33(6):1497-500, 2002.

13. Numaguchi Y, Gonzalez CF, Davis PC, Monajati A, Afshani E, Chang J, Sutton CL, Lee RR, Shibata DK: Moyamoya disease in the United States. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S26-30, 1997.

14. Okada Y, Shima T, Nishida M, Yamane K, Yamada T, Yamanaka C: Effectiveness of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in adult moyamoya disease: cerebral hemodynamics and clinical course in ischemic and hemorrhagic varieties. Stroke 29(3):625-30, 1998.

15. Oshima H, Katayama Y, Hirayama T, Koshinaga M, Yamamoto T: Intraoperative monitoring of jugular bulb oxygen saturation in patients with moyamoya disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S106-9, 1997.

16. Oyama H, Niwa M, Kida Y: CBF change with aging in moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg Sci 42(1):33-6, 1998.

17. Peerless SJ: Risk factors of moyamoya disease in Canada and the USA. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S45-8, 1997.

18. Sato K, Shirane R, Kato M, Yoshimoto T: Effect of inhalational anesthesia on cerebral circulation in Moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11(1):25-30, 1999.

19. Scott RM: Moyamoya syndrome: a surgically treatable cause of stroke in the pediatric patient. Clin Neurosurg 47:378-84, 2000.

+20. Srinivasan J, Britz GW, Newell DW: Cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease in adults. Neurosurg Clin N Am 12(3):585-94, ix, 2001.

21. Storen EC, Wijdicks EF, Crum BA, Schultz G: Moyamoya-like vasculopathy from cocaine dependency. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol  21(6):1008-10, 2000.

22. Yonekawa Y, Ogata N, Kaku Y, Taub E, Imhof HG: Moyamoya disease in Europe, past and present status. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 Suppl 2:S58-60, 1997.