Methodology - General and Tracer Techniques

*1. Anderson RE, Sundt TM Jr, Yaksh TL: Regional cerebral blood flow and focal cortical perfusion: A comparative study of 133Xe, 85Kr, and umbelliferone as diffusible indicators. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:207-213, 1987.

2. Arbab AS, Aoki S, Toyama K, Miyazawa N, Kumagai H, Umeda T, Arai T, Araki T, Kabasawa H, Takahashi Y: Quantitative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery imaging: comparison with [iodine 123]-iodoamphetamin single photon emission CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(3):381-8, 2002.

*3. Carroll TJ, Teneggi V, Jobin M, Squassante L, Treyer V, Hany TF, Burger C, Wang L, Bye A, Von Schulthess GK, Buck A: Absolute Quantification of Cerebral Blood Flow With Magnetic Resonance, Reproducibility of the Method, and Comparison With H215O Positron Emission Tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(9):1149-56,  2002.

4. Cherry SR, Woods RP, Hoffman EJ, Mazziotta JC: Improved detection of focal cerebral blood flow changes using three-dimensional positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:630-638, 1993.

*5. Dahl A, Lindegaard KF, Russell D, Nyberg-Hansen R, Rootwelt K, Sorteberg E, Nornes H: A comparison of transcranial Doppler and cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity. Stroke 23:15-19, 1992.

6. Duhamel G, Choquet P, Grillon E, Leviel JL, Decorps M, Ziegler A, Constantinesco A: Global and regional cerebral blood flow measurements using NMR of injected hyperpolarized xenon-129. Acad Radiol 9 Suppl 2:S498-500, 2002.

7. Eintrei C, Leszniewski W, Carlsson C: Local application of 133xenon for measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 63:391-394, 1985.

8. Fan FC, Chen RYZ, Schuessler GB, Chien S: Comparison between the 133 Xe clearance method and the microsphere technique in cerebral blood flow determinations in the dog. Circ Res 44:653-659, 1979.

9. Fatouros PP, Wist AO, Kishore PRS, DeWitt DS, Hall JA, Keenan RL, Stewart LM, Marmarou A, Choi SC, Kontos HA: Xenon/computed tomography cerebral blood flow measurements: methods and accuracy. Invest Radiol 22:705-712, 1987.

*10. Fayad PB, Brass LM: Single photon emission computed tomography in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 22:950-954, 1991.

11. Frackowiak RSJ, Jones T, Lenzi GL, Heather JD: Regional oxygen utilization and blood flow in normal man using oxygen-15 and positron emission tomography. Acta Neurol Scand 62:336-344, 1980.

12. Gora F, Shinde S, Elwell CE, Goldstone JC, Cope M, Delpy DT, Smith M: Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow in adults using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green: a pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14(3):218-22,  2002.

+13. Griffiths PD, Hoggard N, Dannels WR, Wilkinson ID: In vivo measurement of cerebral blood flow: a review of methods and applications. Vasc Med 6(1):51-60, 2001.

*14. Hansen M, Jakobsen M, Enevoldsen E, Egede F: Problems in cerebral blood flow calculation using xenon-133 in patients with pulmonary diseases. Stroke 21:745-750, 1990.

*15. Hartmann A, Dettmers C, Schuier FJ, Wassmann HD, Schumacher HW: Effect of stable xenon on regional cerebral blood flow and the electroencephalogram on normal volunteers. Stroke 22:182-189, 1991.

16. Heiss WD, Traupe H: Comparison between hydrogen clearance and microsphere technique for rCBF measurement. Stroke 12:161-167, 1981.

17. Heistad DD, Marcus ML, Mueller S: Measurement of cerebral blood flow with microspheres. Arch Neurol 34:657-659, 1977.

*18. Ho SS, Metreweli C, Yu CH: Color velocity imaging quantification in the detection of intracranial collateral flow. Stroke 33(7):1795-8, 2002.

19. Hoedt-Rasmussen K: Regional cerebral blood flow: The intra-arterial injection method. Acta Neurol Scand 43:1-81, 1967.

20. Ingvar DH, Lassen NA: Atraumatic two-dimensional rCBF measurements using stationary detectors and inhalation or intravenous administration of 133-xenon. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2:271-274, 1982.

21. Jabre A, Symon L, Richards PG, Redmond S: Mean hemispheral and cerebral blood flow changes after craniotomy: significance and prognostic value. Acta Neurochir 78:13-20, 1985.

22. Kado H, Iida H, Kimura H, Ogawa T, Narita Y, Hatazawa J, Tsuchida T, Yonekura Y, Itoh H: Brain perfusion SPECT study with 99mTc-bicisate: clinical pitfalls and improved diagnostic accuracy with a combination of linearization and scatter-attenuation correction. Ann Nucl Med 15(2):123-9, 2001.

23. Kety SS: Study of the cerebral circulation by means of inert diffusible tracers. Prog Brain Res 35:375-385, 1972.

24. Kety SS, Schmidt CF: The determination of cerebral blood flow in man by the use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Am J Physiol 143:53-66, 1945.

25. Kety SS, Schmidt CF: The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest 27:476-483, 1948.

26. Kim JH, Lee EJ, Lee SJ, Choi NC, Lim BH, Shin T: Comparative evaluation of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow in acute ischemic stroke by using perfusion-weighted MR imaging and spect. Acta Radiol 43(4):365-70, 2002.

27. Kramer MS, Vinall PE, Katolik LI, Simeone FA: Comparison of cerebral blood flow measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry and hydrogen clearance in cats after cerebral insult and hypervolemic hemodilution. Neurosurgery 38:355-361, 1996.

28. Kusaka T, Isobe K, Nagano K, Okubo K, Yasuda S, Kondo M, Itoh S, Onishi S: Estimation of regional cerebral blood flow distribution in infants by near-infrared topography using indocyanine green. Neuroimage 13(5):944-52, 2001.

29. Lammertsma AA, Martin AJ, Friston KJ, Jones T: In vivo measurement of the volume of distribution of water in cerebral grey matter: effects on the calculation of regional cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:291-295, 1992.

*30. Lassen NA, Blasberg RG: Technetium-99 m-d,1-HM-PAO. The development of a new class of 99m Tc-labeled tracers: an overview. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:S1-S3, 1988.

31. Lassen NA, Lane MH: Validity of internal jugular blood for study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J Appl Physiol 16:313-320, 1961.

32. Levin JM, Frederick Bde B, Ross MH, Fox JF, von Rosenberg HL, Kaufman MJ, Lange N, Mendelson JH, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF: Influence of baseline hematocrit and hemodilution on BOLD fMRI activation. Magn Reson Imaging 19(8):1055-62, 2001.

*33. Madsen PL, Holm S, Herning M, Lassen NA: Average blood flow and oxygen uptake in the human brain during resting wakefulness: a critical appraisal of the Kety-Schmidt technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:646-655, 1993.

*34. Mallett BL, Veall N: The measurement of regional cerebral clearance rates in man using xenon-133 inhalation and extracranial recording. Clin Sci 29:179-191, 1965.

*35. Marion DW, Bouma GJ: The use of stable xenon-enhanced computed tomographic studies of cerebral blood flow to define changes in cerebral carbon dioxide vasoresponsivity caused by a severe head injury. Neurosurgery 29:869-873, 1991.

36. Nagai H, Moritake K, Takay M: Correlation between transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and regional cerebral blood flow in experimental intracranial hypertension. Stroke 28:603-607, 1997.

*37. Navari RM, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Patterson JL Jr: Comparison of the open skull and cranial window preparations in the study of the cerebral microcirculation. Microvasc Res 16:304-315, 1978.

*38. Obrist WD, Wilkinson WE: Regional cerebral blood flow measurement in humans by xenon133 clearance. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 2:283-327, 1990.

39. Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Terasaki K, Shimizu H, Tominaga T, Yoshimoto T: Use of Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Patients With Symptomatic Major Cerebral Artery Occlusion to Predict 5-Year Outcome: Comparison of Xenon-133 and Iodine-123-IMP Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(9):1142-8, 2002.

40. Ogawa A, Sakurai Y, Suzuki J: Continuous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow using krypton-81m. Stroke 14:623-627, 1983.

*41. Ohta S, Meyer E, Fujita H, Reutens DC, Evans A, Gjedde A: Cerebral (15O)water clearance in humans determined by PET: I. Theory and normal values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:765-780, 1996.

42. Ostergaard L, Johannsen P, Host-Poulsen P, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Asboe H, Gee AD, Hansen SB, Cold GE, Gjedde A, Gyldensted C: Cerebral blood flow measurements by magnetic resonance imaging bolus tracking: comparison with [(15)O]H2O positron emission tomography in humans. J.Cereb.Blood Flow Metab 18:935-940, 1998.

43. Pindzola RR, Yonas H: The xenon-enhanced computed tomography cerebral blood flow method. Neurosurgery 43:1488-1492, 1998.

+44. Powers WJ, Raichle ME: Positron emission tomography and its application to the study of cerebrovascular disease in man. Stroke16:361-376, 1985.

45. Quarles RP, Mintun MA, Larson KB, Markham J, MacLeod AM, Raichle ME: Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography: a comparison of (15O) Water to (11C) Butanol with distributed-parameter and compartmental models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:733-747, 1993.

46. Reivich M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L, Kety SS: Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with antipyrine-14C in awake cats. J Appl Physiol 27:296-300, 1969.

47. Schmidt K: Can normalized tissue activities be used instead of absolute blood flow measurements in the brain? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29(9):1268, 2002.

48. Schuier FJ, Jones SC, Fedora T, Reivich M: (14C) iodoantipyrine and microsphere blood flow estimates in cat brain. Am J Physiol 253:H1289-H1297, 1987.

49. Siebner HR, Takano B, Peinemann A, Schwaiger M, Conrad B, Drzezga A: Continuous transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a suitable tool for imaging regional excitability of the human cortex. Neuroimage 14(4):883-90, 2001.

50. Siennicki-Lantz A, Lilja B, Elmstahl S: How to interpret differing cerebral blood flow patterns estimated with 99Tcm-HMPAO and 99Tcm-ECD SPET in a healthy population. Nucl Med Commun 20:219-26, 1999.

51. Soma Y, Hirotani T, Yozu R, Onoguchi K, Misumi T, Kawada K, Inoue T: A clinical study of cerebral circulation during extracorporal circulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97:187-193, 1989.

*52. Spilt A, Box FM, Van Der Geest RJ, Reiber JH, Kunz P, Kamper AM, Blauw GJ, Van Buchem MA: Reproducibility of total cerebral blood flow measurements using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 16(1):1-5, 2002.

53. Steiger HJ, Aaslid R, Stooss R: Dynamic computed tomographic imaging of regional cerebral blood flow and blood volume. A clinical pilot study. Stroke 24:591-597, 1993.

54. Takasawa M, Murase K, Oku N, Yoshikawa T, Osaki Y, Imaizumi M, Matsuzawa H, Fujino K, Hashikawa K, Kitagawa K, Hori M, Matsumoto M: Assessment of acetazolamide reactivity in cerebral blood flow using spectral analysis and technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(8):1004-9, 2002.

55. Thomas DL, Lythgoe MF, Calamante F, Gadian DG, Ordidge RJ: Simultaneous noninvasive measurement of CBF and CBV using double-echo FAIR (DEFAIR). Magn Reson Med 45(5):853-63, 2001.

56. Tomida S, Wagner HG, Klatzo I, Nowak TS Jr: Effect of acute electrode placement on regional CBF in the gerbil: a comparison of blood flow measured by hydrogen clearance, (3H) nicotine, and 14C) iodoantipyrine techniques. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:79-86, 1989.

57. van de Ven MJ, Colier WN, Walraven D, Oeseburg B, Folgering H: Cerebral blood flow in humans measured with near infrared spectroscopy is not reproducible. Adv Exp Med Biol 471:749-758, 1999.

*58. Verhaegen MJ, Todd MM, Warner DS, James B, Weeks JB: The role of electrode size on the incidence of spreading depression and on cortical cerebral blood flow as measured by H2 clearance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:230-237, 1992.

59. Walter B, Bauer R, Krug A, Derfuss T, Traichel F, Sommer N: Simultaneous measurement of local cortical blood flow and tissue oxygen saturation by Near infra-red Laser Doppler flowmetry and remission spectroscopy in the pig brain. Acta Neurochir Suppl 81:197-9, 2002.

60. Warach S, Gur RC, Gur RE, Skolnick BE, Obrist WD, Reivich M: The reproducibility of the 133 Xe inhalation technique in resting studies: Task order and sex related effects in healthy young adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:702-708, 1987.

61. Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Cuisenaire O, Maeder P, Thiran JP, Schnyder P, Bogousslavsky J, Meuli R: Comparison of admission perfusion computed tomography and qualitative diffusion-and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke patients. Stroke 33(8):2025-31, 2002.

62. Wintermark M, Thiran JP, Maeder P, Schnyder P, Meuli R: Simultaneous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by perfusion CT and stable xenon CT: a validation study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(5):905-14, 2001. Comment in: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(6):1018-9, 2001.

63. Wolf M, Wolf U, Toronov V, Michalos A, Paunescu LA, Choi JH, Gratton E: Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage 16(3 Pt 1):704-12, 2002.

*64. Wyper DJ, Lennox GA, Rowan JO: Two minute slope inhalation technique for cerebral blood flow measurement in man: 2. Clinical appraisal. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 39:147-151, 1976.

*65. Yao L, Nemoto EM, Boston JR, Darby JM, Yonas H: Effect of 80% Xe on whole brain blood flow and metabolism in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:268-271, 1992.

*66. Yonas H, Darby JM, Marks EC, Durham SR, Maxwell C: CBF measured by Xe-CT: approach to analysis and normal values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:716-725, 1991.

67. Young W: H2 clearance measurement of blood flow: a review of technique and polarographic principles. Stroke 11:552-564, 1980.

68. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Shroeder T, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N: Intraoperative 133 Xe cerebral blood flow measurements by intravenous versus intracarotid methods. Anesthesiology 73:637-643, 1990.

Drug Effects

1. Abe K, Hideaki I, Shimada Y, Yoshiya I: The effect of nicardipine on carotid blood flow velocity, local cerebral blood flow, and carbon dioxide reactivity during cerebral aneurysm surgery. Anesth Analg 76:1227-1233, 1993.

2. Algotsson L, Messeter K, Rosen I, Holmin T: Effects of nitrous oxide on cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism during isoflurane anaesthesia in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:46-52, 1992.

3. Algotsson L, Messeter K, Nordstrom CH, Ryding E: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:15-20, 1988.

*4. Aqyagi M, Deshmukh VD, Meyer JS, Kawamura Y, Tagashira Y: Effect of beta-adrengergic blockade with propranolol on cerebral blood flow, autoregulation and CO2 responsiveness. Stroke 7:291-295, 1976.

5. Archer DP, Pappius HM: Coupling of local cerebral blood flow to local cerebral glucose utilization during isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia [letter; comment]. Anesthesiology 91:889-891, 1999.

*6. Artru AA, Shapira Y, Bowdle TA: Electroencephalogram, cerebral metabolic, and vascular responses to propofol anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:99-109, 1992.

7. Astrup J, Rosenorn J, Cold GE, Bendtsen A, Sorensen PM: Minimum cerebral blood flow and metabolism during craniotomy: effect of thiopental loading. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28:478-48, 1984.

8. Bandres J, Yao L, Nemoto EM, Yonas H, Darby J: Effects of dobutamine and dopamine on whole brain blood flow and metabolism in unanesthetized monkeys. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:250-256, 1992.

9. Bari F, Horvath G, Benedek G: Dexmedetomidine-induced decrease in cerebral blood flow is attenuated by verapamil in rats: a laser Doppler study. Can J Anaesth 40:748-754, 1993.

10. Baughman VL, Hoffman WE, Albrecht RF, Miletich DJ: Cerebral vascular and metabolic effects of fentanyl and midazolam in young and aged rats. Anesthesiology 67:314-319, 1987.

11. Bedforth NM, Girling KJ, Skinner HJ, Mahajan RP: Effects of desflurane on cerebral autoregulation. Br J Anaesth 87(2):193-7, 2001.

*12. Berkowitz ID, Gervais H, Schleien CL, Koehler RC, Dean JM, Traystman RJ: Epinephrine dosage effects on cerebral and myocardial blood flow in an infant swine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 75:1041-1050, 1991.

13. Bonhomme V, Fiset P, Meuret P, Backman S, Plourde G, Paus T, Bushnell MC, Evans AC: Propofol anesthesia and cerebral blood flow changes elicited by vibrotactile stimulation: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurophysiol 85(3):1299-308, 2001.

14. Bonoczk P, Panczel G, Nagy Z: Vinpocetine increases cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in stroke patients: a near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler study. Eur J Ultrasound 15(1-2):85-91, 2002.

*15. Brian JE Jr, Traystman RJ, McPherson RW: Changes in cerebral blood flow over time during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. J Neurosurg Anesth 2:122-130, 1990.

*16. Brussel T, Fitch W, Brodner G, Arendt I, Van Aken H: Effects of halothane in low concentrations on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolism, and cerebrovascular autoregulation in the baboon. Anesth Analg 73:758-764, 1991.

*17. Calamante F, Gadian DG, Connelly A: Quantification of perfusion using bolus tracking magnetic resonance imaging in stroke: assumptions, limitations, and potential implications for clinical use. Stroke 33(4):1146-51, 2002.

18. Carlsson C, Hagerdal M, Kaasik AE, Siesjö BK: The effects of diazepam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in rats and its synergistic interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 45:319-325, 1976.

19. Carlsson C, Smith DS, Keykhah MM, Englebach I, Harp JR: The effects of high dose fentanyl on cerebral circulation and metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology 57:375-380, 1982.

20. Chokyu K, Fukumoto M, Mori T, Mokudai T, Mori K, Shimizu K: Semiquantitative dynamic computed tomography to predict response to anti-platelet therapy in acute cerebral infarction. Neuroradiology 44(4):286-93, 2002.

21. Christensen MS, Hoedt-Rasmussen K, Lassen NA: Cerebral vasodilatation by halothane anaesthesia in man and its potentiation by hypotension and hypercapnia. Br J Anaesth 39:927-934, 1967.

*22. Cold GE, Christensen KJS, Nordentoft J, Engberg M, Pedersen MB: Cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and relative CO2 reactivity during neurolept anaesthesia in patients subjected to craniotomy for supratentorial cerebral tumors. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32:310-315, 1988.

*23. Cotev S, Shalit MN: Effects of diazepam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake after head injury. Anesthesiology 43:117-122, 1975.

24. Cucciara RF, Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effects of isoflurane on canine cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Anesthesiology 40:571-574, 1974.

25. Dahlgren N, Ingvar M, Siesjö BK: Effect of propranolol on local cerebral blood flow under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:429-436, 1981.

26. Di Piero V, Cappagli M, Pastena L, Faralli F, Mainardi G, Di Stani F, Bruti G, Coli A, Lenzi GL, Gagliardi R: Cerebral effects of hyperbaric oxygen breathing: a CBF SPECT study on professional divers. Eur J Neurol 9(4):419-21, 2002.

27. Drummond JC, Scheller MS, Todd MM: The effect of nitrous oxide on cortical cerebral blood flow during anesthesia with halothane and isoflurane, with and without morphine, in the rabbit. Anesth Analg 66:1083-1089, 1987.

28. Drummond JC, Todd MM: The response of the feline cerebral circulation to PaCO2 during anesthesia with isoflurane and halothane and during sedation with nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 62:268-273, 1985.

29. Drummond JC, Todd MM, Scheller MS, Shapiro HM: A comparison of the direct cerebral vasodilating potencies of halothane and isoflurane in the New Zealand white rabbit. Anesthesiology 65:462-467, 1986.

30. Engelhard K, Werner C, Mollenberg O, Kochs E: Effects of remifentanil/propofol in comparison with isoflurane on dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation in humans. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45(8):971-6, 2001.

31. Engelhard K, Werner C, Mollenberg O, Kochs E: S(+)-ketamine/propofol maintain dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation in humans. Can J Anaesth 48(10):1034-9, 2001.

32. Fitch W, Jones JV, Graham DI, MacKenzie ET, Harper AM: Effects of hypotension induced by halothane, on the cerebral circulation in baboons with experimental renovascular hypertension. Br J Anaesth 50:119-125, 1978.

33. Forster A, Juge O, Morel D: Effects of midazolam on cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral vasomotor responsiveness to carbon dioxide. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:246-249, 1983.

*34. Frietsch T, Bogdanski R, Blobner M, Werner C, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KF: Effects of xenon on cerebral blood flow and cerebral glucose utilization in rats. Anesthesiology 94(2):290-7, 2001.

*35. Frizzell RT, Meyer YJ, Borchers DJ, Weprin BE, Allen EC, Pogue WR, Reisch JS, Cherrington AD, Batjer HH: The effects of etomidate on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in a canine model for hypoperfusion. J Neurosurg 74:263-269, 1997.

36. Frizzell RT, Fichtel FM, Jordan MB, Weprin BE, Borchers DJ, Allen EC, Pogue WR, Batjer HH: Effects of etomidate and hypothermia on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in a canine model of hypoperfusion. J Neurosurg Anesth 5:104-110, 1993.

37. Gelb AW, Gignac E, Manninen PH, Farrar JK, Lee DH: Methylparaben and propylparaben do not alter cerebral blood flow in humans. Can J Anaest 39:691-694, 1992.

*38. Gervais HW, Schleien CL, Koehler RC, Berkowitz ID, Shaffner DH, Traystman RJ: Effect of adrenergic drugs on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and evoked potentials after delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Stroke 22:1554-1561, 1991.

39. Grome JJ, Hofmann W, Gojowczyk G, Stefanovich V: Effects of a xanthine derivative, propentofylline, on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in the rat. Brain Res 740:41-46, 1996.

40. Gupta S, Heath K, Matta BF: Effect of incremental doses of sevoflurane on cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans. Br J Anaesth 79:469-472, 1997.

*41. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ: Effects of nitrous oxide and volatile anaesthetics on cerebral blood flow. Br J Anaesth 63:290-295, 1989.

42. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ: The role of cerebral metabolism in determining the local cerebral blood flow effects of volatile anesthetics: evidence for persistent flow-metabolism coupling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:323-328, 1989.

*43. Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ, Trawick DC: Distribution of cerebral blood flow during halothane versus isoflurane anesthesia in rats. Anesthesiology 69:332-337, 1988.

44. Harrison JM, Girling KJ, Mahajan RP: Effects of propofol and nitrous oxide on middle cerebral artery flow velocity and cerebral autoregulation. Anaesthesia 57(1):27-32, 2002.

45. Hoehner PJ, Whitson JT, Kirsch JR, Traystman RJ: Effect of intracarotid and intraventricular morphine on regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 76:266-273, 1993.

46. Haws CW, Gourley JK, Heistad DD: Effects of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 225:24-28, 1983.

*47. Hoffman WE, Edelman G, Kochs E, Werner C, Segil L, Albrecht RF: Cerebral auto-regulation in awake versus isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Anesth Analg 73:753-757, 1991.

48. Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF: The effects of midazolam on cerebral blood flow consumption and its interaction with nitrous oxide. Anesth Analg 65:729-733, 1986.

*49. Hoffman WE, Werner C, Kochs E, Segil L, Edelman G, Albrecht RF: Cerebral and spinal cord blood flow in awake and fentanyl-N2O anesthetized rats: evidence for preservation of blood flow autoregulation during anesthesia. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:31-35, 1992.

*50. Hoffman WE, Cunningham F, James MK, Baughman VL, Albrecht RF: Effects of remifentanil, a new short-acting opioid, on cerebral blood flow, brain electrical activity, and intracranial pressure in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 19:107-113, 1993.

51. Holzer A, Greher M, Hetz H, Standhardt H, Donner A, Heinzl H, Zimpfer M, Illievich UM: Influence of aortic blood flow velocity on changes of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18(4):238-44, 2001.

52. Hougaard K, Hansen A, Brodersen P: The effect of ketamine on regional cerebral blood flow in man. Anesthesiology 41:562-567, 1974.

53. Jafar JJ, Johns LM, Mullan SF: The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow. J Neurosurg 64:754-759, 1986.

54. Jensen K, Bunemann L, Riisager S, Thomsen LJ: Cerebral blood flow during anaesthesia: Influence of pretreatment with metoprolol or captopril. Br J Anaesth 62:321-323, 1989.

55. Joshi S, Duong H, Mangla S, Wang M, Libow AD, Popilskis SJ, Ostapkovich ND, Wang TS, Young WL, Pile-Spellman J: In nonhuman primates intracarotid adenosine, but not sodium nitroprusside, increases cerebral blood flow. Anesth Analg 94(2):393-9, table of contents, 2002.

*56. Kaisti KK, Metsahonkala L, Teras M, Oikonen V, Aalto S, Jaaskelainen S, Hinkka S, Scheinin H: Effects of surgical levels of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects studied with positron emission tomography. Anesthesiology 96(6):1358-70, 2002.

57. Kassell NF, Hitchon PW, Gerk MK, Sokoll MD, Hill TR: Alterations in cerebral blood flow, oxygen metabolism, and electrical activity produced by high dose sodium thiopental. Neurosurgery 7:598-603, 1980.

58. Keykhah MM, Smith DS, Carlsson C, Safo Y, Englebach I, Harp JR: Influence of sufentanil on cerebral metabolism and circulation in the rat. Anesthesiology 63:274-277, 1985.

59. Kitaguchi K, Ohsumi H, Kuro M, Nakajima T, Hayashi Y: Effects of sevoflurane on cerebral circulation and metabolism in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Anesthesiology 79:704-709, 1993.

60. Kolbitsch C, Lorenz IH, Hormann C, Kremser C, Schocke M, Felber S, Moser PL, Hinteregger M, Pfeiffer KP, Benzer A: Sevoflurane and nitrous oxide increase regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in a drug-specific manner in human volunteers. Magn Reson Imaging 19(10):1253-60, 2001.

61. Kruuse C, Thomsen LL, Jacobsen TB, Olesen J: The phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil has no effect on cerebral blood flow or blood velocity, but nevertheless induces headache in healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22(9):1124-31, 2002.

62. Kumano H, Shimomura T, Furuya H, Yomosa H, Okuda T, Sakaki T, Kuro M: Effects of flumazenil during administration of midazolam on pial vessel diameter and regional cerebral blood flow in cats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37:567-570, 1993.

63. Kuroda Y, Murakami M, Tsuruta J, Murakawa T, Sakabe T: Preservation of the ratio of cerebral blood flow/metabolic rate for oxygen during prolonged anesthesia with isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane in humans. Anesthesiology 84:555-561, 1996.

*64. Lanier WL, Iaizzo PA, Milde JH: Cerebral function and muscle afferent activity following intravenous succinylcholine in dogs anesthetized with halothane: the effects of pretreatment with a defasciculating dose of pancuronium. Anesthesiology 71:87-95, 1989.

65. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: The cerebral effects of pancuronium and atracurium in haltohane-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 63:589-597, 1985.

*66. Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral stimulation following succinylcholine in dogs. Anesthesiology 64:551-559, 1986.

67. Lenz C, Frietsch T, Futterer C, Rebel A, van Ackern K, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KF: Local coupling of cerebral blood flow to cerebral glucose metabolism during inhalational anesthesia in rats: desflurane versus isoflurane. Anesthesiology 91:1720-1723, 1999.

68. Lenz C, Rebel A, van Ackern K, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KF: Local cerebral blood flow, local cerebral glucose utilization, and flow metabolism coupling during sevoflurane versus isoflurane anesthesia in rats. Anesthesiology 89:1480-1488, 1998.

69. Leon JE, Bissonnette B: Cerebrovascular responses to carbon dioxide in children anaesthetized with halothane and isoflurane. Can J Anaesth 38:817-825, 1991.

*70. Lorenz IH, Kolbitsch C, Hormann C, Luger TJ, Schocke M, Felber S, Zschiegner F, Hinteregger M, Kremser C, Benzer A: Influence of equianaesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide and isoflurane on regional cerebral blood flow, regional cerebral blood volume, and regional mean transit time in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 87(5):691-8, 2001.

71. Lorenz IH, Kolbitsch C, Hormann C, Schocke M, Felber S, Zschiegner F, Hinteregger M, Kremser C, Pfeiffer KP, Benzer A: Subanesthetic concentration of sevoflurane increases regional cerebral blood flow more, but regional cerebral blood volume less, than subanesthetic concentration of isoflurane in human volunteers. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 13(4):288-95, 2001.

72. Lu H, Werner C, Engelhard K, Scholz M, Kochs E: The effects of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in rats. Anesth Analg 87:854-858, 1998.

*73. Lutz LJ, Milde JH, Milde LN: The cerebral functional, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of desflurane in dogs. Anesthesiology 73:125-131, 1990.

*74. Lutz LJ, Milde JH, Milde LN: The response of the canine cerebral circulation to hyperventilation during anesthesia with desflurane. Anesthesiology 74:504-507, 1991.

*75. MacKenzie ET, McCulloch J, O Kean M, Pickard JD, Harper AM: Cerebral circulation and norepinephrine: relevance of the blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol 231:483-488, 1976.

76. Madsen JB, Cold GE, Hansen ES, Bardrum B: The effect of isoflurane on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in humans during craniotomy for small supratentorial cerebral tumors. Anesthesiology 66:332-336, 1987.

77. Maekawa T, Tommasino C, Shapiro HM, Keifer-Goodman J, Kohlenberger RW: Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization during isoflurane anesthesia in the rat. Anesthesiology 65:144-151, 1986.

*78. Manohar M, Parks C: Regional distribution of brain and myocardial perfusion in swine while awake and during 1.0 and 1.5 MAC isoflurane anesthesia produced without or with 50% nitrous oxide. Cardiovasc Res 18:344-353, 1984.

79. Matta BF, Heath KJ, Tipping K, Summors AC: Direct cerebral vasodilatory effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane. Anesthesiology 91:677-680, 1999.

80. McPherson RW, Brian JE, Traystman RJ: Cerebrovascular responsiveness to carbon dioxide in dogs with 1.4% and 2.8% isoflurane. Anesthesiology 70:843-850, 1989.

81. McPherson RW, Krempasanka E, Eimerl D, Traystman RJ: Effects of alfentanil on cerebral vascular reactivity in dogs. Br J Anaesth 57:1232-1238, 1985.

82. McPherson RW, Traystman RJ: Fentanyl and cerebral vascular responsivity in dogs. Anesthesiology 60:180-186, 1984.

83. McPherson RW, Traystman RJ: Effects of isoflurane on cerebral autoregulation in dogs. Anesthesiology 69:493-499, 1988.

*84. McPherson RW, Koehler RC, Kisch JR, Traystman RJ: Intraventricular dexmedetomidine decreases cerebral blood flow during normoxia and hypoxia in dogs. Anesth Analg 84:139-147, 1997.

85. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Effects of fentanyl, droperidol, and innovar on canine cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Br J Anaesth 43:630-636, 1971.

86. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Canine systemic and cerebral effects of hypotension induced by hemorrhage, trimethaphan, halothane, or nitroprusside. Anesthesiology 46:188-195, 1977.

87. Mielck F, Stephan H, Buhre W, Weyland A, Sonntag H: Effects of 1 MAC desflurane on cerebral metabolism, blood flow and carbon dioxide reactivity in humans. Br J Anaesth 81:155-160, 1998.

88. Milde LN, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD: Cerebral functional, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of etomidate in dogs. Anesthesiology 63:371-377, 1985.

89. Miletich DJ, Ivankovich AD, Albrecht RF, Reimann CR, Rosenberg R, McKissic ED: Absence of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during halothane and enflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 55:100-109, 1976.

90. Mohamed AA, McCulloch J, Mendelow AD, Teasdale GM, Harper AM: Effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local cerebral blood flow: relationship to arterial blood pressure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:206-211, 1984.

91. Monkhoff M, Schwarz U, Gerber A, Fanconi S, Banziger O: The effects of sevoflurane and halothane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow velocity in children. Anesth Analg 92(4):891-6, 2001.

92. Muizelaar JP, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Becker DP: Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity changes. J Neurosurg 59:822-828, 1983.

93. Myburgh JA, Upton RN, Ludbrook GL, Martinez A, Grant C: Cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity in sheep: effect of propofol or isoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 30(4):413-21, 2002.

94. Nagase K, Iida H, Ohata H, Dohi S: Ketamine, not propofol, attenuates cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide in humans with isoflurane anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 13(8):551-5, 2001.

95. Nakao Y, Itoh Y, Kuang TY, Cook M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L: Effects of anesthesia on functional activation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A  98(13):7593-8, 2001.

96. Newman B, Gelb AW, Lam AM: The effect of isoflurane-induced hypotension on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen in humans. Anesthesiology 64:307-310, 1986.

97. Okuda Y, McDowall DG, Ali MM, Lane JR: Changes in CO2 responsiveness and in autoregulation of the cerebral circulation during and after halothane-induced hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 39:221-230, 1976.

98. Olesen J: The effect of intracarotid epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin on the regional cerebral blood flow in man. Neurology 22:978-987, 1972.

99. Olsen KS, Henriksen L, Dige-Petersen H, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Rosenorm J: Effect of ketanserin on global cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen metabolism during midazolam-fentanyl or isoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 69:263-268, 1992.

*100. Ooboshi H, Sadoshima S, Fujii K, Yao H, Ibayashi S, Fujishima M: Acute effects of antihypertensive agents on cerebral blood flow in hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 179:253-261, 1990.

101. Ornstein E, Young WL, Fleischer LH, Ostapkovich N: Desflurane and isoflurane have similar effects on cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial mass lesions. Anesthesiology 79:498-502, 1993.

102. Oshima T, Karasawa F, Satoh T: Effects of propofol on cerebral blood flow and the metabolic rate of oxygen in humans. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46(7):831-5, 2002.

*103. Patel PM, Mutch WAC: The cerebral pressure-flow relationship during 1.0 MAC isoflurane anesthesia in the rabbit: the effect of different vasopressors. Anesthesiology 72:118-124, 1990.

104. Pelligrino DA, Miletich DJ, Hoffman WE, Albrecht RF: Nitrous oxide markedly increases cerebral cortical metabolic rate and blood flow in the goat. Anesthesiology 60:405-412, 1984.

*105. Ramani R, Todd MM, Warner DS: A dose-response study of the influence of propofol on cerebral blood flow, metabolism and the electroencephalogram in the rabbit. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:110-119, 1992.

*106. Rebel A, Ulatowski JA, Joung K, Bucci E, Traystman RJ, Koehler RC: Regional cerebral blood flow in cats with cross-linked hemoglobin transfusion during focal cerebral ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282(3):H832-41, 2002.

107. Reinstrup P, Ryding E, Algotsson L, Berntman L, Uski T: Regional cerebral blood flow (SPECT) during anaesthesia with isoflurane and nitrous oxide in humans. B J Anaesth 78:407-411, 1997.

108. Renou AM, Vernheit J, Macrez P, Constant P, Billerey J, Khadaroo MY, Caille JM: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during etomidate anaesthesia in man. Br J Anaesth 50:1047-1051, 1978.

*109. Rogers AT, Prough DS, Gravlee GP, Roy RC, Mills SA, Stump DA, Phipps J, Royster RL, Taylor CL: Sodium nitroprusside infusion does not dilate cerebral resistance vessels during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 74:820-826, 1991.

110. Safo Y, Young ML, Smith DS, Greenberg J, Carlsson C, Reivich M, Keykhah M, Harp JR: Effects of fentanyl on local cerebral blood flow in the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29:594-598, 1985.

111. Sakabe T, Kuramoto T, Inoue S, Takeshita H: Cerebral effects of nitrous oxide in the dog. Anesthesiology 48:195-200, 1978.

*112. Scheller MS, Nakakimura K, Fleischer JE, Zornow MH: Cerebral effects of sevoflurane in the dog: comparison with isoflurane and enflurane. Br J Anaesth 65:388-39, 1990.

*113. Scheller MS, Todd MM, Drummond JC: Isoflurane, and regional cerebral blood flow at various levels of PaCO2 in rabbits. Anesthesiology 64:598-604, 1986.

114. Schwedler M, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism following ketamine administration. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:222-226, 1982.

*115. Sheehan PB, Zornow MH, Scheller MS, Peterson BM: The effects of fentanyl and sufentanil on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow in rabbits with an acute cryogenic brain injury. J Neurosurg Anesth 4:261-267, 1992.

*116. Stange K, Lagerkranser M, Sollevi A: Nitroprusside-induced hypotension and cerebrovascular autoregulation in the anesthetized pig. Anesth Analg 73:745-752, 1991.

+117. Tibble RK, Girling KJ, Mahajan RP: A comparison of the transient hyperemic response test and the static autoregulation test to assess graded impairment in cerebral autoregulation during propofol, desflurane, and nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg  93(1):171-6, 2001.

118. Todd MM: The effects of PaCO2 on the cerebrovascular response to nitrous oxide in the halothane-anesthetized rabbit. Anesth Analg 66:1090-1095, 1987.

119. Todd M, Weeks J: Comparative Effects of propofol, pentobarbital, andisoflurane on cerebral blood flow and blood volume. J Neurosurg Anesth 8:296-303, 1996.

120. Turner DM, Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Comair YG, Boarini DJ, Beck DO: Time-dependent changes in cerebral and cardiovascular parameters in isoflurane-nitrous oxide-anesthetized dogs. Neurosurgery 14:135-141, 1984.

121. Van Aken H, Fitch W, Graham DI, Brussel T, Themann H: Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects of isoflurane induced hypotension in the baboon. Anesth Analg 65:565-574, 1986.

122. Vesely R, Hoffman WE, Gil KSL, Albrecht RF, Miletich DJ: The cerebrovascular effects of curare and histamine in the rat. Anesthesiology 66:519-523, 1987.

*123. Wagner KJ, Willoch F, Kochs EF, Siessmeier T, Tolle TR, Schwaiger M, Bartenstein P: Dose-dependent regional cerebral blood flow changes during remifentanil infusion in humans: a positron emission tomography study. Anesthesiology 94(5):732-9, 2001.

124. Warner DS, Turner DM, Kassell NF: Time-dependent effects of prolonged hypercapnia on cerebrovascular parameters in dogs: acid-base chemistry. Stroke 18:142-149, 1987.

125. Werner C, Hoffman WE, Kochs E, Schulte am Esch J, Albrecht RF: The effects of propofol on cerebral and spinal cord blood flow in rats. Anesth Analg 76:971-975, 1993.

*126. Young WL, Barkai AI, Prohovnik I, Nelson H, Durkin M: Effect of PaCO2 on cerebral blood flow distribution during halothane compared with isoflurane anaesthesia in the rat. Br J Anaesth 67:440-446, 1991.

127. Young WL, Chien S: Effect of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in rats during hyperventilation. Stroke 20:275-280, 1989.

128. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Ostapkovich N: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients undergoing anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: a comparison of isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 68:712-717, 1989.

129. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N, Ornstein E: Thiopental effect on cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesth 3:265-269, 1991.

*130. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N, Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Baker KZ: A comparison of the cerebral hemodynamic effects of sufentanil and isoflurane in humans undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 71:863-869, 1989.

131. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Correll JW, Ostapkovich N, Ornstein E, Quest DO: A comparison of cerebral blood flow reactivity to CO2 during halothane versus isoflurane anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. Anesth Analg 73:416-421, 1991.

132. Zanferrari C, Razumovsky AY, Lavados PM, Sen S, Oppenheimer SM: Effect of adenosine on cerebral blood flow velocity. J Neuroimaging 11(3):272-9, 2001.

Methodology - Doppler and Thermal Techniques

*1. Aaslid R, Newell DW, Stooss R, Sorteberg W, Lindegaard KF: Assessment of cerebral autoregulation dynamics from simultaneous arterial and venous transcranial Doppler recordings in humans. Stroke 22:1148-1154, 1991.

2. Akopov S, Whitman GT: Hemodynamic studies in early ischemic stroke: serial transcranial Doppler and magnetic resonance angiography evaluation. Stroke 33(5):1274-9, 2002.

*3. Arbit E, DiResta GR, Beford RF, Shah NK, Galicich JH: Intraoperative measurement of cerebral and tumor blood flow with laser-Doppler flowmetry. Neurosurgery 24:166-170, 1989.

4. Arnolds BJ, von Reutern GM: Transcranial Doppler sonography: examination technique and normal reference values. Ultrasound Med Biol 12:115-123, 1986.

*5. Barnett GH, Little JR, Ebrahim ZY, Jones SC, Friel HT: Cerebral circulation during arteriovenous malformation operation. Neurosurgery 20:836-842, 1987.

6. Bishop CC, Powell S, Rutt D, Browse NL: Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study. Stroke 17:913-915, 1986.

7. Bolognese P, Miller JI, Heger IM, Milhorat TH: Laser-Doppler flowmetry in neurosurgery J Neurosurg Anesthiol 5:151-158, 1983.

*8. Brass LM: Reversed intracranial blood flow in patients with an intra-aortic balloon pump. Stroke 21:484-487, 1990.

9. Brass LM, Pavlakis SG, DeVivo D, Piomelli S, Mohr JP: Transcranial Doppler measurement of the middle cerebral artery: effect of hematocrit. Stroke 19:1466-1469, 1988.

10. Brouwers PJ, Vriens EM, Musbach M, Wieneke GH, Van Huffelen AC: Transcranial pulsed Doppler measurements of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery: reference values at rest and during hyperventilation in healthy children and adolescents in relation to age and sex. Ultrasound Med Biol 16:1-8, 1990.

*11. Carter LP: Surface monitoring of cerebral cortical blood flow. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 3:246-261, 1991.

12. Carter LP, Atkinson JR: Autoregulation and hyperemia of cerebral blood flow as evaluated by thermal diffusion. Stroke 4:917-922, 1973.

13. Dahl A, Lindegaard KF, Russell D, Nyberg-Hansen R, Rootwelt K, Sorteberg W, Nornes H: A comparison of transcranial Doppler and cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity. Stroke 23:15-19, 1992.

*14. Dahl A, Russel D, Nyberg-Hansen R, Rootwelt K: A comparison of regional cerebral blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities: simultaneous measurements in healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:1049-1054, 1992.

15. Davis SM, Andrews JT, Lichtenstein M, Rossiter SC, Kaye AH, Hopper J: Correlations between cerebral arterial velocities, blood flow, and delayed ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 23:492-497, 1992.

*16. Dickman CA, Carter LP, Baldwin HZ, Harrington T, Tallman D: Continuous regional cerebral blood flow monitoring in acute craniocerebral trauma. Neurosurgery 28:467-472, 1991.

17. Dirnagl U, Kaplan B, Jacewicz M, Pulsinelli W: Continuous measurement of cerebral cortical blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry in a rat stroke model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:589-596, 1989.

18. Dirnagl U, Pulsinelli W: Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in experimental focal brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10:327-336, 1990.

19. Doolette DJ, Upton RN, Grant C: Agreement between ultrasonic Doppler venous outflow and Kety and Schmidt estimates of cerebral blood flow. Clin.Exp.Pharmacol.Physiol 26:736-740, 1999.

20. Dorfler P, Puls I, Schliesser M, Maurer M, Becker G: Measurement of cerebral blood flow volume by extracranial sonography. J.Cereb.Blood Flow Metab 20:269-271, 2000.

*21. Finn JP, Quinn MW, Hall-Craggs MA, Kendall BE: Impact of vessel distortion on transcranial Doppler velocity measurements: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 73:572-575, 1990.

*22. Florence G, Seylaz J: Rapid autoregulation of cerebral blood flow: a laser-Doppler flowmetry study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:674-680, 1992.

*23. Fritz W, Kalbarczyk H, Schmidt K: Transcranial Doppler sonographic identification of a subgroup of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus with coexistent vascular disease and treatment failure. Neurosurgery 25:777-780, 1989.

24. Gao S, Lam WW, Chan YL, Liu JY, Wong KS: Optimal values of flow velocity on transcranial Doppler in grading middle cerebral artery stenosis in comparison with magnetic resonance angiography. J Neuroimaging 12(3):213-8, 2002.

*25. Gaines C, Carter LP, Crowell RM: Comparison of local cerebral blood flow determined by thermal and hydrogen clearance. Stroke 14:66-69, 1983.

*26. Giller CA: Transcranial Doppler monitoring of cerebral blood velocity during craniotomy. Neurosurgery 25:769-776, 1989.

*27. Giller CA: A bedside test for cerebral autoregulation using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 108:7-14, 1991.

*28. Giller CA, Hodges K, Batjer HH: Transcranial Doppler pulsatility in vasodilation and stenosis. J Neurosurg 72:901-906, 1990.

*29. Giller CA, Bowman G, Dyer H, Mootz L, Krippner W: Cerebral arterial diameters during changes in blood pressure and carbon dioxide during craniotomy. Neurosurgery 32:737-742, 1993.

30. Grosset DG, Straiton J, du Trevou M, Bullock R: Prediction of symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage by rapidly increasing transcranial Doppler velocity and cerebral blood flow changes. Stroke 23:674-679, 1992.

31. Grosset DG, Straiton J, McDonald I, Cockburn M, Bullock R: Use of transcranial Doppler sonography to predict development of a delayed ischemic deficit after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 78:183-187, 1993.

*32. Halsey JH: Effect of emitted power on waveform intensity in transcranial Doppler. Stroke 21:1573-1578, 1990.

33. Halsey JH, McDowell HA, Gelman S: Transcranial Doppler and rCBF compared in carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 17:1206-1208, 1986.

34. Hauge A, Thoresen M, Walloe L: Changes in cerebral blood flow during hyperventilation and CO2-breathing measured transcutaneously in humans by a bidirectional, pulsed, ultrasound Doppler blood velocity meter. Acta Physiol Scand 110:167-173, 1980.

*35. Hillier SC, Burrows FA, Bissonnette B, Taylor RH: Cerebral hemodynamics in neonates and infants undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and profound hypothermic circulatory arrest: assessment by transcranial Doppler sonography. Anesth Analg 72:723-728, 1991.

36. Hoehner PJ, Dean JM, Rogers MC, Traystman RJ: Comparison of thermal clearance measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with radiolabeled microspheres. Stroke 18:606-611, 1987.

37. Hughson RL, Edwards MR, O'Leary DD, Shoemaker JK: Critical analysis of cerebrovascular autoregulation during repeated head-up tilt. Stroke 32(10):2403-8, 2001.

38. Jansen C, Vriens EM, Eikelboom BC, Vermeulen FEE, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RGA: Carotid endarterectomy with transcranial Doppler and electroencephalographic monitoring. Stroke 24:665-669, 1993.

*39. Karnik R, Stelzer P, Slany J: Transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring of local intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke 23:284-287, 1992.

40. Kochs E, Hoffman WE, Werner C, Albrecht RF, Schulte am Esch J: Cerebral blood flow velocity in relation to cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, and electroencephalogram analysis during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. Anesth Analg 76:1222-1226, 1993.

*41. Kontos HA: Validity of cerebral arterial blood flow calculations from velocity measurements. Stroke 20:1-3, 1990.

42. Koshu K, Hirota S, Sonobe M, Takaku A, Saito T, Ushijima T: Continuous recording of cerebral blood flow by means of a thermal diffusion method using a Peltier stack. Neurosurgery 21:693-698, 1987.

*43. Krejza J, Mariak Z, Babikian VL: Importance of angle correction in the measurement of blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler sonography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(9):1743-7, 2001.

*44. Kuwayama N, Takaku A, Harada J, Fukuda O, Endo S, Saito T: Modified thermal diffusion flow probe for the continuous monitoring of cortical blood flow. Neurosurgery 29:583-589, 1991.

*45. Lam JM, Hsiang JNK, Poon WS: Monitoring of autoregulation using laser Doppler flowmetry in patients with head injury. J Neurosurg 86:438-445, 1997.

46. Lang EW, Mehdorn HM, Dorsch NW, Czosnyka M: Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation: a validation study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72(5):583-6,2002.

47. Leon JE, Bissonnette B: Cerebrovascular responses to carbon dioxide in children anaesthetized with halothane and isoflurane. Can J Anaesth 38:817-825, 1991.

48. Lewis SB, Wong ML, Bannan PE, Piper IR, Reilly PL: Transcranial Doppler identification of changing autoregulatory thresholds after autoregulatory impairment. Neurosurgery 48(2):369-75; discussion 375-6, 2001.

49. Lindauer U, Villringer A, Dirnagl U: Characterization of CBF response to somatosensory stimulation: model and influence of anesthetics. Am J Physiol 264:H1223-H1228, 1993.

50. Lindegaard KF, Lundar T, Wiberg J, Sjoberg D, Aaslid R, Nornes H: Variations in middle cerebral artery blood flow investigated with noninvasive transcranial blood velocity measurements. Stroke 18:1025-1030, 1987.

51. Maeda H, Matsumoto M, Handa N, Hougaku H, Ogawa S, Itoh T, Tsukamoto Y, Kamada T: Reactivity of cerebral blood flow to carbon dioxide in various types of ischemic cerebrovascular disease: evaluation by the transcranial Doppler method. Stroke 24:670-675, 1993.

52. Markus H, Loh A, Brown MM: Computerized detection of cerebral emboli and discrimination from artifact using Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 24:1667-1672, 1993.

53. Mélot C, Berré J, Moraine J, Kahn RJ: Estimation of cerebral blood flow at bedside by continuous jugular thermodilution. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:1263-1270, 1996.

54. Meyerson BA, Gunasekera L, Linderoth B, Gazelius B: Bedside monitoring of regional cortical blood flow in comatose patients using laser Doppler flowmetry. Neurosurgery 29:750-755, 1991.

55. Ng SC, Poon WS, Chan MT, Lam JM, Lam WW: Is transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) good enough in determining CO2 reactivity and pressure autoregulation in head-injured patients? Acta Neurochir Suppl 81:125-7, 2002.

*56. Ohmoto T, Nagao S, Mino S, Fujiwara T, Honma Y: Monitoring of cortical blood flow during temporary arterial occlusion in aneurysm surgery by the thermal diffusion method. Neurosurgery 28:49-54, 1991.

57. Olsen KS, Svendsen LB, Larsen FS: Validation of transcranial near-infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of cerebral blood flow autoregulation. J Neurosurg Anesth 8:280-285, 1996.

58. Oskouian RJ Jr, Martin NA, Lee JH, Glenn TC, Guthrie D, Gonzalez NR, Afari A, Vinuela F: Multimodal quantitation of the effects of endovascular therapy for vasospasm on cerebral blood flow, transcranial doppler ultrasonographic velocities, and cerebral artery diameters. Neurosurgery 51(1):30-41; discussion 41-3,  2002.

59. Padayachee TS, Parsons S, Theobold R, Linley J, Gosling RG, Deverall PB: The detection of microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation using membrane and bubble oxygenators. Ann Thorac Surg 44:298-302, 1987.

*60. Paut O, Bissonnette B: Effects of temperature and haematocrit on the relationships between blood flow velocity and blood flow in a vessel of fixed diameter. Br J Anaesth 88(2):277-9, 2002.

61. Piepgras A, Schmiedek P, Leinsinger G, Haberl RL, Kirsch CM, Einhaüpl KM: A simple test to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide. Stroke 21:1306-1311, 1990.

*62. Pilato MA, Bissonnette B, Lerman J: Transcranial Doppler: response of cerebral blood flow velocity to carbon dioxide in anaesthetized children. Can J Anaesth 38:37-42, 1991.

63. Ries F, Honisch C, Lambertz M, Schlief R: A transpulmonary contrast medium enhances the transcranial Doppler signal in humans. Stroke 24:1903-1909, 1993.

64. Rim SJ, Leong-Poi H, Lindner JR, Couture D, Ellegala D, Mason H, Durieux M, Kassel NF, Kaul S: Quantification of cerebral perfusion with "Real-Time" contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Circulation 104(21):2582-7, 2001.

65. Rosengarten B, Kaps M: Peak systolic velocity Doppler index reflects most appropriately the dynamic time course of intact cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Dis 13(4):230-4, 2002.

*66. Schlief R: Ultrasound contrast agents. Curr Opin Radiol 3:198-207, 1991.

67. Seitz J, Strotzer M, Schlaier J, Nitz WR, Volk M, Feuerbach S: Comparison between magnetic resonance phase contrast imaging and transcranial Doppler ultrasound with regard to blood flow velocity in intracranial arteries: work in progress. J Neuroimaging 11(2):121-8, 2001.

68. Skarphedinsson JO, Harding H, Thoren P: Repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow in rats: comparisons between the hydrogen clearance method and laser Doppler flowmetry. Acta Physiol Scand 134:133-142, 1988.

*69. Soustiel JF, Shik V, Shreiber R, Tavor Y, Goldsher D: Basilar vasospasm diagnosis: investigation of a modified "Lindegaard Index" based on imaging studies and blood velocity measurements of the basilar artery. Stroke 33(1):72-7, 2002.

+70. Steinmeier R, Bondar I, Bauhuf C, Fahlbusch R: Laser Doppler flowmetry mapping of cerebrocortical microflow: characteristics and limitations. Neuroimage 15(1):107-19, 2002.

*71. Tenjin H, Hirakawa K, Mizukawa N, Yano I, Ohta T, Uchibori M, Hino A: Dysautoregulation in patients with ruptured aneurysms: cerebral blood flow measurements obtained during surgery by a temperature-controlled thermoelectrical method. Neurosurgery 23:705-709, 1988.

72. Trindle MR, Dodson BA, Rampil IJ: Effects of fentanyl versus sufentanil in equianesthetic doses on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Anesthesiology 78:454-460, 1993.

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