Compiled by Monica S. Vavilala, M.D.
University of Washington, Seattle, WA

I. General

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175. Scalea TM, Maltz S, Yelon J, Trooskin SZ, Duncan AO, Sclafani SA: Resuscitation of multiple trauma and head injury: role of crystalloid fluids and inotropes. Crit Care Med 22:1610-15, 1994.

176. Schmoker JD, Shackford SR, Zhuang J: The effect of lesion volume on cerebral vasomotor tone after focal brain injury and shock. J Neurotrauma 13:67-78, 1996.

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178. Schneider GH, von Helden AV, Franke R, Lanksch WR, Unterberg A: Influence of body position on jugular venous oxygen saturation, intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 59:107-12, 1993.

179. Schneider GH, Helden AV, Lanksch WR, Unterberg A: Continuous monitoring of jugular bulb oxygen saturation in comatose patients-therapeutic implications. Acta Neurochir 134:71-5, 1995.

180. Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP, Bullock MR, Salvant JB, Povlishock JT: Focal ischemia due to traumatic contusions documented by stable xenon-CT and ultrastructural studies. J Neurosurg 82:966-71, 1995.

181. Schroder ML, Muizelaar JP, Kuta AJ, Choi SC: Thresholds for cerebral ischemia after severe head injury: relationship with late CT findings and outcome. J Neurotrauma 13:17-23, 1996.

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186. Sharples PM, Matthews DSF, Eyre JA: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in children with severe head injuries. Part 2: cerebrovascular resistance and its determinants. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:153-9, 1995

187. Sheinberg M, Kanter MJ, Robertson CS, Contant CF, Narayan RK, Grossman RG: Continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 76:212-17, 1992.

188. Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, Yoshida H, Iwai A, Yoshioka T, Sugimoto T: Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 79:363-8, 1993.

189. Shigemori M, Moriyama T, Harada K, Kikuchi N, Tokutomi T, Kuramoto S: Intracranial haemodynamics in diffuse and focal brain injuries: evaluation with transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. Acta Neurochir 107:5-10, 1990.

190. Sioutos PJ, Orozco JA, Carter LP, Weinand ME, Hamilton AJ, Williams FC: Continuous regional cerebral cortical blood flow monitoring in head-injured patients. Neurosurgery 36:943-9, 1995.

191. Skippen P, Seear M, Poskitt K, Kestle J, Cochrane D, Annich G, Handel J: Effect of hyperventilation on regional cerebral blood flow in head-injured children. Crit Care Med 25:1402-9, 1997.

192. Sloan TB: Electrophysiologic monitoring in head injury. New Horiz 3:431-8, 1995.

193. Smith DH, Meaney DF, Lenkinski RE, Alsop DC, Grossman R, Kimura H, McIntosh TK, Gennarelli TA: New magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the evaluation of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 12:573-7, 1995.

194. Soloniuk D, Pitts LH, Lovely M, Bartkowski HL: Traumatic intracerebral hematomas: timing of appearance and indications for operative removal. J Trauma 26:787-94, 1986.

195. Sosin DM, Sniezek JE, Waxweller RJ: Trends in death associated with traumatic brain injury 1979 through 1992. JAMA 273:1778-80, 1995.

196. Souter MJ, Andrews PJ, Piper IR, Miller JD: Effects of alfentanil on cerebral haemodyanmics in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 79:97-102, 1997.

197. Steiger HJ, Ciessinna E, Seiler RW: Identification of posttraumatic ischemia and hyperperfusion by determination of the effect of induced arterial hypertension on carbon dioxide reactivity. Stroke 27:2048-51, 1996.

198. Stein SC, Chen XH, Sinson GP, Smith DH: Intravascular coagulation: a major secondary insult in nonfatal traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 97:1373-7, 2002.

199. Stein SC, Young GS, Talucci RC, Greenbaum BH, Ross SE: Delayed brain injury after head trauma: significance of coagulopathy. Neurosurgery 30:160-5, 1992.

200. Steiner LA, Czosnyka M, Piechnik SK, Smielewski P, Chatfield D, Menon DK, Pickard JD: Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 30:733-8, 2002.

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203. Taneda M, Kataoka K, Akai F, Asai T, Sakata I: Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage as a predictable indicator of delayed ischemic symptoms. J Neurosurg 84:762-8, 1997.

204. Teasdale GM, Jennett B: Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 2:81-4, 1974.

205. Thomas JE, Rosenwasser RH, Armonda RA, Harrop J, Mitchell W, Galaria I: Safety of intrathecal sodium nitroprusside for the treatment and prevention of refractory cerebral vasospasm and ischemia in humans. Stroke 30:1409-16, 1999.

206. Thomas SH, Orf J, Wedel SK, Conn AK: Hyperventilation in traumatic brain injury patients: inconsistency between consensus guidelines and clinical practice. J Trauma 52:47-52, 2002.

207. Tommasino C, Grana C, Lucignani G, Torri G, Fazio F: Regional cerebral metabolism of glucose in comatose and vegetative state patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:109-16, 1995.

208. Ungerstedt JS, Grenander A, Bredbacka S, Blomback M: Clotting onset time may be a predictor of outcome in human brain injury: a pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 15:13-8, 2003.

209. Unterberg A, Schneider GH, Gottschalk J, Lanksch WR: Development of traumatic brain edema in old versus young rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl 60:431-3, 1994.

210. Valadka AB, Gopinath SP, Contant CF, Uzura M, Robertson CS: Relationship of brain tissue PO2 to outcome after severe head injury. Crit Care Med 26:1576-81, 1998.

211. van Santbrink H, Maas AI, Avezaat CJ: Continuous monitoring of partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 38:21-31, 1996.

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213. Vincent FM, Zimmerman JE, Van Haven J: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicating closed head injury. Neurosurgery 18:190-3, 1986.

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II. Cardiopulmonary Effects

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2. Bratton SL, Davis RL: Acute lung injury in isolated traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 40:707-12, 1997.

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9. Crone KR, Lee KS, Kelly DL: Correlation of admission fibrin degradation products with outcome and respiratory failure in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 21:532-6, 1987.

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11. Dettbarn C, Davidson L: Pulmonary complications in the patient with acute head injury: neurogenic pulmonary edema. Heart Lung 18:583-9, 1989.

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13. Goldstein B, Kempski MH, DeKing D, Cox C, DeLong DJ, Kelly MM, Woolf PD: Autonomic control of heart rate after brain injury in children. Crit Care Med 24:234-40, 1996.

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16. Hsieh AH, Bishop MJ, Kubilis PS, Newell DW, Pierson DJ: Pneumonia following closed head injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:290-4, 1992.

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19. Kroppenstedt SN, Sakowitz OW, Thomale UW, Unterberg AW, Stover JF: Influence of norepinephrine and dopamine on cortical perfusion, EEG activity, extracellular glutamate, and brain edema in rats after controlled cortical impact injury. J Neurotrauma 19:1421-32, 2002.

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21. MacKersie RC, Christensen JM, Pitts LH, Lewis FR: Pulmonary extravascular fluid accumulation following intracranial injury. J Trauma 23:968-75, 1983.

22. Malik AB: Mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Circ Res 57:1-18, 1985.

23. McLeod AA, Neil-Dwyer G, Meyer CHA, Richardson PL, Cruickshank J, Bartlett J: Cardiac sequelae of acute head injury. Br Heart J 47:221-6, 1982.

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25. Piek J, Chestnut RM, Marshall LF, van Berkum-Clark M, Klauber MR, Blunt BA, Eisenberg HM, Jane JA, Marmarou A, Foulkes MA: Extracranial complications of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 77:901-7, 1992.

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27. Popp AJ, Shah DM, Berman RA: Delayed pulmonary dysfunction in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 57:784-90, 1982.

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30. Slack RS, Shucart W: Respiratory dysfunction associated with traumatic injury to the central nervous system. Clin Chest Med 15:739-49, 1994.

31. Sutherland GR, Amacher AL, Sibbald WJ, Driedger AL: Heart injury in head-injured adolescents. Childs Nerv Syst 1:219-22, 1985.

32. Tonnesen AS: Hemodynamic management of brain-injured patients. New Horiz 3:499-505, 1995.

III. Pathophysiology and Genetics

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6. Barie PS, Ghajar JB, Firlik AD, Chang VA, Hariri RJ: Contribution of increased cerebral blood volume to posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. J Trauma 35:88-95, 1993.

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12. Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Choi SC, Newlon PG, Young HF: Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg 75:685-93, 1991.

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23. DeWitt DS, Jenkins LW, Prough DS: Enhanced vulnerability to secondary ischemic insults after experimental traumatic brain injury. New Horiz 3:376-83, 1995.

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