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Cardene I.V.

 

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

 

Compiled by Tomoki Hashimoto, M.D., William L. Young, M.D.
University of California, San Francisco, California

1. Al-Rodhan NR, Sundt TM Jr, Piepgras DG, Nichols DA, Rufenacht D, Stevens LN: Occlusive hyperemia: a theory for the hemodynamic complications following resection of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 78:167-75, 1993.

2. Al-Shahi R, Fang JS, Lewis SC, Warlow CP: Prevalence of adults with brain arteriovenous malformations: a community based study in Scotland using capture-recapture analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73(5):547-51, 2002.

3. Alkadhi H, Kollias SS, Crelier GR, Golay X, Hepp-Reymond MC, Valavanis A: Plasticity of the human motor cortex in patients with arteriovenous malformations: a functional MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(8):1423-33, 2000.

4. Awad IA, Magdinec M, Schubert A: Intracranial hypertension after resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: predisposing factors and management strategy. Stroke 25:611-20, 1994.

5. Batjer HH, Devous MD Sr: The use of acetazolamide-enhanced regional cerebral blood flow measurement to predict risk to arteriovenous malformation patients. Neurosurgery 31:213-7; discussion 217-8, 1992.

 

6. Berman MF, Sciacca RR, Pile-Spellman J, Stapf C, Connolly ES, Jr., Mohr JP, Young WL: The epidemiology of brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 47(2):389-96; discussion 397, 2000.

 

7. Berman MF, Stapf C, Sciacca RR, Young WL: Use of ICD-9 coding for estimating the occurrence of cerebrovascular malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(4):700-5, 2002.

 

8. Bloomfield EL, Porembka DT, Ebrahim ZY, Grimes-Rice M, Secic M, Little JR, Lockrem JD: Analysis of catecholamine and vasoactive peptide release in intracranial arterial venous malformations. J Neurosurg Anesth 8:101-10, 1996.

 

9. Bourdeau A, Cymerman U, Paquet ME, Meschino W, McKinnon WC, Guttmacher AE, Becker L, Letarte M: Endoglin expression is reduced in normal vessels but still detectable in arteriovenous malformations of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Am J Patol 156:911-23, 2000.

 

10. Brown RD Jr, Wiebers DO, Torner JC, O'Fallon WM: Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage as a presenting symptom and subtype analysis: a population-based study of intracranial vascular malformations in Olmsted County, Minnesota. J Neurosurg 85:29-32, 1996.

 

11. Bustillo MA, Lazar RM, Finck AD, Fitzsimmons B, Berman MF, Pile-Spellman J, Heyer EJ: Dexmedetomidine may impair cognitive testing during endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a retrospective case report series. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14(3):209-12, 2002.

 

12. Couture DE, Ellegala DB, Dumont AS, Mintz PD, Kassell NF: Blood use in cerebrovascular neurosurgery. Stroke 33(4):994-7, 2002.

 

13. Crawford PM, West CR, Chadwick DW, Shaw MDM: Arteriovenous malformations of the brain: natural history in unoperated patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:1-10, 1986.

 

14. D’Aliberti G, Talamonti G, Versari PP, Todaro C, Bizzozero I, Arena O, Collice M: Comparison of pediatric and adult cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosrug Sci 41:331-6, 1997.

 

15. Deruty R, Pelissou-Guyotat I, Amat D, Mottolese C, Bascoulergue Y, Turjman F, Gerard JP: Complications after multidisciplinary treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 138:119-31, 1996.

 

16. Dias MS, Sekhar LN: Intracranial hemorrhage from aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy and the puerperium. Neurosurgery 27:855-65; discussion 865-6, 1990.

 

17. Duong DH, Young WL, Vang MC, Sciacca RR, Mast H, Koennecke HC, Hartmann A, Joshi S, Mohr JP, Pile-Spellman J: Feeding artery pressure and venous drainage pattern are primary determinants of hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 29:1167-76, 1998.

 

18. Fleetwood IG, Steinberg GK: Arteriovenous malformations. Lancet 359(9309):863-73, 2002.

 

19. Fogarty-Mack P, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein-Bey L, Osipov A, DeMeritt J, Jackson EC, Young WL: The effect of arteriovenous malformations on the distribution of intracerebral arterial pressures. Am J Neuroradiol 17:1443-9, 1996.

 

20. Fogarty-Mack P, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein Bey L, Ostapkovich N, Joshi S, Vulliemoz Y, Young WL: Superselective intraarterial papaverine administration: effect on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 85:395-402, 1996.

 

21. Gao E, Young WL, Hademenos GJ, Massoud TF, Sciacca RR, Ma Q, Joshi S, Mast H, Mohr JP, Vulliemoz S, Pile-Spellman J: Theoretical modeling of arteriovenous malformation rupture risk: a feasibility and validation study. Med Eng Phys 20:489-501, 1998.

 

22. Gao E, Young WL, Pile-Spellman J, Ornstein E, Ma Q: Mathematical considerations for modeling cerebral blood flow autoregulation to systemic arterial pressure. Am J Physiol 274:H1023-31, 1998.

 

23. Giller CA, Batjer HH, Purdy PD, Walker B, Mathews D: Interdisciplinary evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics in the treatment of arteriovenous fistulae associated with giant varices. Neurosurgery 35:778-82; discussion 782-4, 1994.

 

24. Gobin YP, Laurent A, Merienne L, Schlienger M, Aymard A, Houdart E, Casasco A, Lefkopoulos D, George B, Merland JJ: Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations by embolization and radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 85:19-28, 1996.

 

25. Hacein-Bey L, Nour R, Pile-Spellman J, Van Heertum R, Esser PD, Young WL: Adaptive changes in autoregulation to chronic cerebral hypotension with arteriovenous malformations: an acetazolamide-enhanced single-photon emission CT study. Am J Neuroradiol 16:1865-74, 1995.

 

26. Hademenos GJ, Alberts MJ, Awad I, Mayberg M, Shepard T, Jagoda A, Latchaw RE, Todd HW, Viste K, Starke R, Girgus MS, Marler J, Emr M, Hart N: Advances in the genetics of cerebrovascular disease and stroke. Neurology 56(8):997-1008, 2001.

 

27. Halim AX, Singh V, Johnston SC, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Lawton MT, Gress DR, McCulloch CE, Young WL: Characteristics of brain arteriovenous malformations with coexisting aneurysms: a comparison of two referral centers. Stroke 33(3):675-9, 2002.

 

28. Hamilton MG, Spetzler RF: The prospective application of a grading system for arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 34:2-6; discussion 6-7, 1994.

 

29. Hansen PA, Knudsen F, Jacobsen M, Haase J, Barholdy N: Indomethacin in controlling "Normal Perfusion Pressure Breakthrough" in a case of larger cerebral arteriovenous malformation. J Neurosurg Anesth 7:117-20, 1995.

 

30. Hartmann A, Mast H, Mohr JP, Koennecke HC, Osipov A, Pile-Spellman J, Duong DH, Young WL: Morbidity of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Stroke 29:931-4, 1998.

 

31. Hartmann A, Pile-Spellman J, Stapf C, Sciacca RR, Faulstich A, Mohr JP, Schumacher HC, Mast H: Risk of endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 33(7):1816-20, 2002.

 

32. Hashimoto N: Microsurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a dissection technique and its theoretical implications. Neurosurgery 48(6):1278-81, 2001.

 

33. Hashimoto T, Lam T, Boudreau NJ, Bollen AW, Lawton MT, Young WL: Abnormal balance in the angiopoietin-tie2 system in human brain arteriovenous malformations. Circ Res 89(2):111-3, 2001.

 

34. Hashimoto T, Young WL, Aagaard BD, Joshi S, Ostapkovich ND, Pile-Spellman J: Adenosine-induced ventricular asystole to induce transient profound systemic hypotension in patients undergoing endovascular therapy. Dose-response characteristics. Anesthesiology 93(4):998-9981001, 2000 .

 

35. Hashimoto T, Young WL, Prohovnik I, Gupta DK, Ostapkovich ND, Ornstein E, Halim AX, Quick CM: Increased cerebral blood flow after brain arteriovenous malformation resection is substantially independent of changes in cardiac output. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14(3):204-8, 2002.

 

36. Heros RC, Tu YK: Is surgical therapy needed for unruptured arteriovenous malformations? Neurology 37:279-86, 1987.

 

37. Hillman J: Population-based analysis of arteriovenous malformation treatment. J Neurosurg 95(4):633-7, 2001.

 

38. Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Edelman G, Abood C: Brain tissue response to CO2 in patients with arteriovenous malformation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:1383-6, 1996.

 

39. Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Edelman G, Ausman JI: Brain tissue gases and pH during arteriovenous malformation resection. Neurosurgery 40:294-300; discussion 300-1, 1997.

 

40. Hoh BL, Chapman PH, Loeffler JS, Carter BS, Ogilvy CS: Results of multimodality treatment for 141 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations and seizures: factors associated with seizure incidence and seizure outcomes. Neurosurgery 51(2):303-9; discussion 309-11, 2002 .

 

41. Iwama T, Hashimoto N, Todaka T, Sasako Y, Inamori S, Kuro M: Resection of a large, high-flow arteriovenous malformation during hypotension and hypothermia induced by a percutaneous cardiopulmonary support system. J Neurosurg 87:440-4, 1997.

 

42. Jaeger K, Ruschulte H, Herzog T, Heine J, Leuwer M, Piepenbrock S: Anaesthesiological and criterial care aspects regarding the treatment of patients with arteriovenous malformations in interventional neuroradiology. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 43(2):102-5, 2000.

 

43. Jane JA, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Winn HR: The natural history of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 62:321-3, 1985.

 

44. Jordan JE, Marks MP, Lane B, Steinberg GK: Cost-effectiveness of endovascular therapy in the surgical management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Am J Neurorad 17:247-54, 1996.

 

45. Joshi S, Young WL, Pile-Spellman J, Fogarty-Mack P, Sciacca RR, Hacein-Bey L, Duong H, Vulliemoz Y, Ostapkovich N, Jackson T: Intra-arterial nitrovasodilators do not increase cerebral blood flow in angiographically normal territories of arteriovenous malformation patients. Stroke 28:1115-22, 1997.

 

46. Kader A, Young WL, Pile-Spellman J, Mast H, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP, Stein BM: The influence of hemodynamic and anatomic factors on hemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 34:801-7; discussion 807-8, 1994.

 

47. Kader A, Goodrich JT, Sonstein WJ, Stein BM, Carmel PW, Michelsen WJ: Recurrent cerebral arteriovenous malformations after negative postoperative angiograms. J Neurosurg 85:14-8, 1996.

 

48. Kader A, Young WL: The effects of intracranial arteriovenous malformations on cerebral hemodynamics. Neurosurg Clin N Am 7:767-81, 1996.

 

49. Katayama Y, Tsubokawa T, Hirayiama T, Himi K: Continuous monitoring of jugular bulb oxygen saturation as a measure of the shunt flow of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 80:826-33, 1994.

 

50. Kobayashi S, Hongo K, Bhagwati SN, Rappaport ZH, Lawton MT, Spetzler RF: Management of arteriovenous malformations: Part II. Surg Neurol 48:2-6, 1997.

 

51. Kondziolka D, McLaughlin MR, Kestle JRW: Simple risk predictions for arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 37:851-5, 1995.

 

52. Kothbauer K, Schroth G, Seiler RW, Do DD: Severe symptomatic vasospasm after rupture of an arteriovenous malformation. Am J Neuroradiol 16:1073-5, 1995.

 

53. Lanzino G, Fergus AH, Kassel NF: Long-term outcome after surgical excision of parenchymal arteriovenous malformation in patients over 60 years. Surg Neurol 47:258-63; discussion 263-4, 1997.

 

54. Lawton MT, Hamilton MG, Spetzler RF: Multimodality treatment of deep arteriovenous malformations: thalamus, basal ganglia, and brain stem. Neurosurgery 37:29-35; discussion 35-6, 1995.

 

55. Lawton MT, Jacobowitz R, Spetzler RF: Redefined role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of dural arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 87:267-74, 1997.

 

56. Lazar RM, Marshall RS, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein-Bey L, Young WL, Mohr JP, Stein BM: Anterior translocation of language in patients with left cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurology 49:802-8, 1997.

 

57.  Lee SK, Vilela P, Willinsky R, TerBrugge KG: Spontaneous regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: clinical and angiographic analysis with review of the literature. Neuroradiology 44(1):11-6, 2002.

 

58. Mansmann U, Meisel J, Brock M, Rodesch G, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P: Factors associated with intracranial hemorrhage in cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurgy 46:272-9; discussion 279-81, 2000.

 

59.  Martin NA, Khanna R, Doberstein C, Bentson J: Therapeutic embolization of arteriovenous malformations: the case for and against. Clin Neurosurg 46:295-318, 2000.

 

60. Mast H, Mohr JP, Osipov A, Pile-Spellman J, Marshall RS, Lazar RM, Stein BM, Young WL: "Steal" is an unestablished mechanism for the clinical presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 26:1215-20, 1995.

 

61. Mast H, Young WL, Koennecke HC, Sciacca RR, Osipov A, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein-Bey L, Duong H, Stein BM, Mohr JP: Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet 350:1065-8, 1997.

 

62. Meyer B, Schaller C, Frenkel C, Ebeling B, Schramm J: Distributions of local oxygen saturation and its response to changes of mean arterial blood pressure in the cerebral cortex adjacent to arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 30:2623-30, 1999.

 

63. Meyer B, Schaller C, Frenkel C, Schramm J: Physiological steal around AVMs of the brain is not equivalent to cortical ischemia. Neurol Res 20 Suppl 1:S13-7, 1998.

 

64. Meyer B, Stoffel M, Stuer C, Schaller C, Muhlbauer B, Schramm J: Norepinephrine in the rat cortex before and after occlusion of chronic arteriovenous fistulae: a microdialysis study in an animal model of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 51(3):771-9; discussion 779-80, 2002.

 

65. Meyer PG, Orliaguet GA, Zerah M, Charron B, Jarreau MM, Brunelle F, Laurent-Vannier A, Carli PA: Emergency management of deeply comatose children with acute rupture of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Can J Anaesth 47(8):758-66, 2000.

 

66. Miyasaka Y, Kurata A, Tanaka R, Nagai S, Yamada M, Irikura K, Fujii K: Mass effect caused by clinically unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 41:1060-3; discussion 1063-4, 1997.

 

67. Miyasaka Y, Kurata A, Tokiwa K, Tanaka R, Yada K, Ohwada T: Draining vein pressure increases and hemorrhage in patients with arteriovenous malformation. Stroke 25:504-7, 1994.

 

68. Nagao S, Ueta K, Mino S, Fujiwara T, Honma Y, Ito T, Ohmoto T, Ohkawa M: Monitoring of cortical blood flow during excision of arteriovenous malformations by thermal diffusion method. Surg Neurol 32:137-43, 1989.

 

69. Nagasawa S, Kawanishi M, Kondoh S, Kajimoto S, Yamaguchi K, Ohta T: Hemodynamic simulation study of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Part 2. Effects of impaired autoregulation and induced hypotension. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:162-9, 1996.

 

70. Nataf E, Meder JF, Roux FX, Blustajn J, Merienne L, Merland JJ, Schlienger M, Chodkiewicz JP: Angioarchitecture associated with haemorrhage in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a prognostic statistical model. Neuroradiology 39:52-8, 1997.

 

71. [No authors listed] Arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. N Engl J Med 340:1812-8, 1999.

 

72. [No authors listed] Cerebral arteriovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(8 Suppl):S10-1, 2001.

 

73. [No authors listed] Reporting terminology for brain arteriovenous malformation clinical and radiographic features for use in clinical trials. Stroke 32(6):1430-42, 2001.

 

74. [No authors listed] N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: results of a prospective, randomized, multi-center trial. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(5):748-55, 2002.

 

75. Norbash AM, Marks MP, Lane B: Correlation of pressure measurements with angiographic characteristics predisposing to hemorrhage and steal in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Am J Neuroradiol 15:809-13, 1994.

76. Norris JS, Valiante TA, Wallace MC, Willinsky RA, Montanera WJ, terBrugge KG, Tymianski M: A simple relationship between radiological arteriovenous malformation hemodynamics and clinical presentation: a prospective, blinded analysis of 31 cases. J Neurosurg 90:673-9, 1999.

77. Ogilvy CS, Stieg PE, Awad I, Brown RD, Jr., Kondziolka D, Rosenwasser R, Young WL, Hademenos G: AHA Scientific Statement: Recommendations for the management of intracranial arteriovenous malformations: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Stroke Association. Stroke 32(6):1458-71, 2001.

78. Ondra SL, Troupp H, George ED, Schwab K: The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a 24-year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg 73:387-91, 1990.

79. Patel MC, Hodgson TJ, Kemeny AA, Forster DM: Spontaneous obliteration of pial arteriovenous malformations: a review of 27 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22(3):531-6, 2001.

 

80. Perata HJ, Tomsick TA, Tew JM Jr: Feeding artery pedicle aneurysms: association with parenchymal hemorrhage and arteriovenous malformation in the brain. J Neurosurg 80:631-4, 1994.

 

81. Pile-Spellman J, Young WL, Joshi S, Duong H, Vang MC, Hartmann A, Kahn RA, Rubin DA, Prestigiacomo CJ, Ostapkovich ND: Adenosine-induced cardiac pause for endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: technical case report. Neurosurgery 44:881-6; discussion 886-7, 1999.

 

82. Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, Bissonette DJ, Kondziolka D: Factors that predict the bleeding risk of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 27:1-6, 1996.

 

83. Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, Maitz A, Kondziolka D: Factors associated with successful arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 42:1239-44; discussion 1244-7, 1998.

 

84. Pouratian N, Bookheimer SY, Rex DE, Martin NA, Toga AW: Utility of preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging for identifying language cortices in patients with vascular malformations. J Neurosurg 97(1):21-32, 2002.

 

85. Quick CM, Hashimoto T, Young WL: Lack of flow regulation may explain the development of arteriovenous malformations. Neurol Res 23(6):641-4, 2001.

 

86. Quick CM, Leonard EF, Young WL: Adaptation of cerebral circulation to brain arteriovenous malformations increases feeding artery pressure and decreases regional hypotension. Neurosurgery 50(1):167-73; discussion 173-5, 2002.

 

87. Richling B, Killer M: Endovascular management of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Clin N Am 11(1):123-45, ix, 2000.

 

88. Schaller C, Schramm J: Microsurgical results for small arteriovenous malformations accessible for radiosurgical or embolization treatment. Neurosurgery 40:664-72; discussion 672-4, 1997.

 

89. Schlienger M, Atlan D, Lefkopoulos D, Merienne L, Touboul E, Missir O, Nataf F, Mammar H, Platoni K, Grandjean P, Foulquier JN, Huart J, Oppenheim C, Meder JF, Houdart E, Merland JJ: Linac radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: results in 169 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol boil Phys 46:1135-42, 2000.

 

90. Schlosser MJ, McCarthy G, Fulbright RK, Gore JC, Awad IA: Cerebral vascular malformations adjacent to sensorimotor and visual cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies before and after therapeutic intervention. Stroke 28:1130-7, 1997.

 

91. Seifert V, Stolke D, Mehdorn HM, Hoffman B: Clinical and radiological evaluation of long-term results of stereotactic proton beam radiosurgery in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 81:683-9, 1994.

 

92. Sekhon LH, Morgan MK, Spence I, Weber NC: Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: pathological and behavioral consequences. Neurosurgery 40:548-56, 1997.

 

93. Sekhon LH, Morgan MK, Spence I: Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough: the role of capillaries. J Neurosurg 86:519-24, 1997.

 

94. Sisti MB, Kader A, Stein BM: Microsurgery for 67 intracranial arteriovenous malformations less than 3 cm in diameter. J Neurosurg 79:653-60, 1993.

 

95. Sorimachi T, Takeuchi S, Koike T, Minakawa T, Abe H, Tanaka R: Blood pressure monitoring in feeding arteries of cerebral arteriovenous malformations during embolization: a preventive role in hemodynamic complications. Neurosurgery 37:1041-7; discussion 1047-8, 1995.

 

96. Spetzler RF, Hargraves RW, McCormick PW, Zabramski JM, Flom RA, Zimmerman RS: Relationship of perfusion pressure and size to risk of hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 76:918-23, 1992.

 

97. Spetzler RF, Martin NA, Carter LP, Flom RA, Raudzens PA, Wilkinson E: Surgical management of large AVM's by staged embolization and operative excision. J Neurosurg 67:17-28, 1987.

 

98. Spetzler RF, Martin NA: A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 65:476-83, 1986.

 

99. Spetzler RF, Wilson CB, Weinstein P, Mehdorn M, Townsend J, Telles D: Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough theory. Clin Neurosurg 25:651-72, 1978.

 

100. Stapf C, Mohr JP: New concepts in adult brain arteriovenous malformations. Curr Opin Neurol 13:63-7, 2000.

 

101. Sumner CJ, Golden JA, Hemphill JC, 3rd: Should thrombolysis be contraindicated in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations? Crit Care Med  30(10):2359-62, 2002.

 

102. Szabo MD, Crosby G, Sundaram P, Dodson BA, Kjellberg RN: Hypertension does not cause spontaneous hemorrhage of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Anesthesiology 70:761-3, 1989.

 

103. Vates GE, Lawton MT, Wilson CB, McDermott MW, Halbach VV, Roberts TP, Rowley HA: Magnetic source imaging demonstrates altered cortical distribution of function in patients with arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 51(3):614-23; discussion 623-7, 2002 .

 

104. Vinuela F, Dion JE, Duckwiler G, Martin NA, Lylyk P, Fox A, Pelz D, Drake CG, Girvin JJ, Debrun G: Combined endovascular embolization and surgery in the management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: experience with 101 cases. J Neurosurg 75:856-64, 1991.

 

105.  Wikholm G, Lundqvist C, Svendsen P: The Goteborg cohort of embolized cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a 6-year follow-up. Neurosurgery  49(4):799-805; discussion 805-6, 2001.

 

106. Yamamoto Y, Coffey RJ, Nichols DA, Shaw EG: Interim report on the radiosurgical treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 83:832-7, 1995.

 

107. Young WL, Kader A, Ornstein E, Baker KZ, Ostapkovich N, Pile-Spellman J, Fogarty-Mack P, Stein BM: Cerebral hyperemia after arteriovenous malformation resection is related to "breakthrough" complications but not to feeding artery pressure. Neurosurgery 38:1085-93; discussion 1093-5, 1996.

 

108. Young WL, Kader A, Pile-Spellman J, Ornstein E, Stein BM: Columbia University AVM Study Project: Arteriovenous malformation draining vein physiology and determinants of transnidal pressure gradients. Neurosurgery 35:389-95; discussion 395-6, 1994.

 

109. Young WL, Kader A, Prohovnik I, Ornstein E, Fleischer LH, Ostapkovich N, Jackson LD, Stein BM: Pressure autoregulation is intact after arteriovenous malformation resection. Neurosurgery 32:491-6; discussion 496-7, 1993.

 

110. Young WL, Pile-Spellman J, Prohovnik I, Kader A, Stein BM: Columbia University AVM Study Project: Evidence for adaptive autoregulatory displacement in hypotensive cortical territories adjacent to arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 34:601-10; discussion 610-11, 1994.

 

111. Young WL, Prohovnik I, Ornstein E, Ostapkovich N, Sisti MB, Solomon RA, Stein BM: The effect of arteriovenous malformation resection on cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Neurosurgery 27:257-66; discussion 266-7, 1990. 


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