1. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R: The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites. N Engl J Med 326:733-736, 1992.

2. Chyatte D, Chen TL, Bronstein K, Brass LM: Seasonal fluctuation in the incidence of intracranial aneurysms rupture and its relationship to changing climatic conditions. J Neurosurg 81:525-530, 1994

3. Qureshi AI, Sung GY, Suri MF, Straw RN, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN: Factors associated with aneurysm size in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: effect of smoking and aneurysm location. Neurosurgery 46:44-50, 2000. 

4. Ronkainen A, Hernesniemi J, Puranen M, Niemuitukia L, Vanninen R, Tynanen M, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G: Familial intracranial aneurysms. Lancet 349:380-384, 1997.

+ 5. Schievink WI: Genetics of intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 40:651-662, 1997. 

6. Vermeer SE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A: Circadian fluctuations in onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage. New data on aneurysmal and perimesencephalic hemorrhage and a systematic review. Stroke 28:805-808, 1997. 

7. Weir BK, Kongable GL, Kassell NF, Schultz JR, Truskowski LL, Sigrest A: Cigarette smoking as a cause of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and risk for vasospasm: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 89:405-411, 1998.

8. Risks and benefits of screening for intracranial aneurysms in first-degree relatives of patients with sporadic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Relatives of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group. N Engl J Med 341:1344-1350, 1999

9. White PM, Teadsale E, Wardlaw JM, Easton V. What is the most sensitive non-invasive imaging strategy for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:322-8, 2001.

SAH: Cardiac Effects

1. Andreoli A, di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Grazi P, Tognetti F, Testa C: Subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and severity of cardiac arrhythmias. A survey of 70 cases studied in the acute phase. Stroke 18:558-564, 1987.

2. Davies KR, Gelb AW, Manninen PH, Boughner DR, Bisnaire D: Cardiac function in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a study of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities. Br J Anaesth 67:58-63, 1991.

3. Horowitz MB, Willet D, Keffer J: The use of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to determine the incidence of myocardial ischemia and injury in patients with aneurysmal and presumed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140:87-93, 1998. 

4. Masuda T, Sato K, Yamamoto S, Matsuyama N, Shimohama T, Matsunaga A, Obuchi S, Shiba Y, Izumi T. Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal mode. Stroke 33:1671-6, 2002.

5. Mayer SA, LiMandri G, Sherman D Lennihan L, Fink ME, Solomon RA, DiTullio M, Klebanoff LM, Beckford AR, Homma S: Electrocardiographic markers of abnormal left ventricular wall motion in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 83:889-896, 1995.

6. Mayer SA, Lin J, Homma S, Soloman RA, Lennihan L, Sherman D, Fink ME, Beckford A, Klebanoff LM: Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 30:780-786, 1999.

7. Randell T, Tanskanen P, Scheinin M, Kytta J, Ohman J, Lindgren L: QT dispersion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11:163-166, 1999.

8. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Newell JB, Ogilvy CS, Levinson JR: Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neurosurgery 44:34-39, 1999.

9. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, Picard MH. Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13:774-9, 2000

SAH: Complications, Prognosis

1. Chiang VL, Claus EB, Awad IA: Toward more rational prediction of outcome in patients with high-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg 46:28-35, 2000.

2. Coplin WM, Longstreth WT Jr, Lam AM, Chandler WL, Mayberg TS, Fine JS, Winn HR: Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase-BB isoenzyme activity and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 56:1348-1352,1999.

3. Dernbach PD, Little JR, Jones SC, Ebrahim ZY: Altered cerebral autoregulation and CO2 reactivity after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 22:822-826, 1988.

4. Graff-Radford NR, Torner J, Adams HJ, Kässell NF: Factors associated with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Arch Neurol 46:744-752, 1989.

5. Hoffman WE, Wheeler P, Edelman G, Charbel FT, Torres NJ, Ausman JI: Hypoxic brain tissue following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 92:442-446, 2000.

6. Hutter BO: Psychologic adjustment in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 11:22-30, 1998.

7. Jakobsen M, Enevoldsen E, Bjerre P: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism following subarachnoid haemorrhage: cerebral oxygen uptake and global blood flow during the acute period in patients with SAH. Acta Neurol Scand 82:174-182, 1990.

8. Kreiter KT, Copeland D, Bernardini GL, Bates JE, Peery S, Claassen J, Du YE, Stern Y, Connolly ES, Mayer SA. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 33:200-8, 2002.

9. Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson TP, Kingable GL, Trustowski LL, Torner JC, Jane JA: Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse? J Neurosurg 85:410-418, 1996.

10. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Sung GY, Straw RN, Yahia AM, Saad M, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Prognostic significance of hypernatremia and hypoatremia among patients with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 50:749-55, 2002.

*11. Macmillan CS, Grant IS, Andrews PJ. Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management? Intensive Care Med 28:1012-23, 2002.

12. Roos YB, Dijkgraaf MG, Albrecht KW, Beenen LF, Groen RJ, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M. Direct costs of modern treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the first year after diagnosis. Stroke 33:1595-9, 2002.

13. Roos YB, Vermeulen M, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Van Gijn J, Algra A: Systematic review of antifibrinolytic treatment in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:942-943, 1998.

14. Roos Y: Antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. STAR Study Group. Neurology 54:77-82, 2000.

15. Schievink WI, Karemaker JM, Hageman LM, van der Werf DJ: Circumstances surrounding aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol 32:266-272, 1989.

16. Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Kongable G, Germanson T, Truskowski L, Torner JC: Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med 23:1007-1017, 1995.

17. Tidswell P, Dias PS, Sagar HJ, Mayes AR, Battersby RD: Cognitive outcome after aneurysm rupture: relationship to aneurysm site and perioperative complications. Neurology 45:875-882, 1995.

18. van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 124:249-78, 2001.

19. Voldby B, Enevoldsen EM, Hensen FT: Cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 62:59-67, 1985.

20. Wijdicks EF, Ropper AH, Hunnicutt EJ, Richardson GS, Nathanson JA: A trial natriuretic factor and salt wasting after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 22:1519-1524, 1991.

SAH: Anesthetic Management

1. Edelman GJ, Hoffman WE, Charbel FT: Cerebral hypoxia after etomidate administration and temporary cerebral artery occlusion. Anesth Analg 85:821-825, 1997.

2. Groff MW, Adams DC, Kahn RA, Kumbar UM, Yang BY, Bederson JB: Adenosine-induced transient asystole for management of a basilar artery aneurysm. Case report. J Neurosurg 91:687-690, 1999.

+ 3. Guy J, McGrath BJ, Borel CO, Friedman AH, Warner DS: Perioperative management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Part 1. Operative management. Anesth Analg 81:1060-1072, 1995.

 *4. Hindman BJ, Todd MM, Gelb AW, Loftus CM, Craen RA, Schubert A, Mahla ME, Torner JC: Mild hypothermia as a protective therapy during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a randomized prospective pilot trial.  Neurosurgery 44:23-32, 1999.

+ 5. McGrath BJ, Guy J, Borel CO, Friedman AH, Warner DS: Perioperative management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Part 2. Postoperative management. Anesth Analg 81:1295-1302, 1995.

6. Niemi T, Tanskanen P, Taxell C, Juvela S, Randell T, Rosenberg P: Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on hemostasis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11:188-194, 1999.

7. Young WL: Cerebral aneurysms: current anaesthetic management and future horizons. Can J Anaesth 45:R17-31, 1998.

SAH: Surgical Management

1. Connolly ES Jr, Kader AA, Frazzini VI, Winfree CJ, Solomon RA: The safety of intraoperative lumbar subarachnoid drainage for acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysm: technical note. Surg Neurol 48:338-342, 1997.

* 2. Findlay JM: Current management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage guidelines from the Canadian Neurosurgical Society. Can J Neurol Sci 24:161-70, 1997.

3. Houkin K, Kuroda S, Takahashi A, Takikawa S, Ishikawa T, Yoshimoto T, Itamato K: Intra-operative premature rupture of the cerebral aneurysms. Analysis of the causes and management. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141:1255-1263, 1999.

4. Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. The North American experience. Stroke 23:205-14, 1992.

5. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EJ, Jane JA, Adams HP, Kongable GL: The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 1: Overall management results. J Neurosurg 73:18-36, 1990.

6. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EJ, Jane JA, Adams HP: The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 2: Surgical results. J Neurosurg 73:37-47, 1990.

7. Mavaddat N, Sahakian BJ, Hutchinson PJ, Kirkpatrick PJ: Cognition following subarachnoid hemorrhage from anterior communicating artery aneurysm: relation to timing of surgery. J Neurosurg 91:402-407, 1999.

8. Ogungbo B, Gregson BA, Blackburn A, Mendelow AD; Newcastle Subarachnoid Study Group. Trends over time in the management of subarachnoid haemorrhage in Newcastle: review of 1609 patients. Br J Neurosurg 15:388-95, 2001.

9. Popadic A, Witzmann A, Amann T, Doringer W, Fleisch M, Hafel C, Hergan K, Langle M. The value of intraoperative angiography in surgery of intracranial aneurysms: a prospective study in 126 patients. Neuroradiology 43:466-471, 2001.

10. Ross N, Hutchinson PJ, Seeley H, Kirkpatrick PJ. Timing of surgery for supratentorial aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage: report of a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:480, 2002.

SAH: Vasospasm

1. Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K, Bates J, Du YE, Copeland D, Connolly ES, Mayer SA. Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited. Stroke 32:2012-20, 2001.

2. Egge A, Waterloo K, Sjoholm H, Solberg T, Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B. Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Neurosurgery 50:1170-1, 2002.  

+ 3. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J: Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurology 50:876-883, 1998.

5. Juvela S: Plasma endothelin concentrations after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 92:390-400, 2000.

*6. Lennihan L, Mayer SA, Fink ME, Beckford A, Paik MC, Zhang H, Wu YC, Klebanoff LM, Raps EC, Solomon RA. Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 31:383-91, 2000.

+7. Lindegaard KF: The role of transcranial Doppler in the management of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage-a review. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 72:59-71, 1999. 

* 8. Mizuno M, Nakajima S, Sampei T, Nishimura H, Hadeishi H, Suzuki A, Yasui N, Nathal-Vera E: Serial transcranial Doppler flow velocity and cerebral blood flow measurements for evaluation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 34:164-171, 1994.

9. Mocco J, Mack WJ, Kim GH, Lozier AP, Laufer, Kreiter KT, Sciacca RR, Solomon RA, Mayer SA, Connolly ES Jr. Rise in serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels with vasospasm following aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 97:537-41, 2002.

10. Oliveira-Filho J, Ezzeddine MA, Segal AZ, Buonanno FS, Chang Y, Ogilvy CS, Rordorf G, Schwamm LH, Koroshetz WJ, McDonald CT. Neurology 56:1299-304, 2001.

11. Suarez JI, Qureshi AI, Parekh PD, Razumovsky A, Tamargo RJ, Bhardwaj A, Ulatowski JA: Administration of hypertonic (3%) sodium chloride/acetate in hyponatremic patients with symptomatic vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11:178-184, 1999.

12. Thomas JE, Rosenwasser RH, Armonda RA, Harrop J, Mitchell W, Galaria I: Safety of intrathecal sodium nitroprusside for the treatment and prevention of refractory cerebral vasospasm and ischemia in humans. Stroke 30:1409-1416, 1999.

13. Torbey MT, Hauser TK, Bhardwaj A, Williams MA, Ulatowski JA, Mirski MA, Razumovsky AY. Effect of age on cerebral blood flow velocity and incidence of vasospasm after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 32:2005-11, 2001.

+14. Treggiari-Venzi MM, Suter PM, Romand JA. Review of medical prevention of vasospasm after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a problem of neurointensive care. Neurosurgery 48:249-61, 2001.

Endovascular Treatment

1. Derdeyn CP, Cross DT 3^rd, Moran CJ, Brown GW, Pilgram TK, Diringer MN, Grubb RL Jr, Rich KM, Chicoine MR, Dacey RG Jr. Postprocedure ischemic events after treament of intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg 96:837-43, 2002.

2. Feng L, Fitzsimmons BF, Young WL, Berman MF, Lin E, Aagaard BD, Duong H, Pile-Spellman J. Intraarterially Administered Verapamil as Adjunct Therapy for Cerebral Vasospasm: Safety and 2-Year Experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:1284-1290, 2002.

3. Hashimoto T, Young WL, Aagaard BD, Joshi S, Ostapkovich ND, Pile-Spellman J. Adenosine-induced ventricular asystole to induce transient profound systemic hypotension in patients undergoing endovascular therapy. Dose-response characteristics. Anesthesiology 93:998-1001, 2000.

4. Johnston SC, Wilson CB, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, McDermott MW, Applebury CB, Farley TL, Gress DR. Endovascular and surgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms: comparison of risks. Ann Neurol 48:11-9, 2000.

5. Koivisto T, Vanninen R, Hurskainen H, Saari T, Hernesniemi J, Vapalahti M. Outcomes of early endovascular versus surgical treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. A prospective randomized study. Stroke 31:2369-77, 2000.

7. Sluzewski M, Bosch JA, van Rooij WJ, Nijssen PC, Wijnalda D. Rupture of intracranial aneurysms during treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils: incidence, outcome, and risk factors. J Neurosurg 94:238-40, 2001.

Special Considerations

1. D'Haese J, Christiaens F, D'Haens J, Camu F: Combined cesarean section and clipping of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: a case report. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 9:341-345, 1997.

+ 2. Drake CG, Peerless SJ: Giant fusiform intracranial aneurysms: review of 120 patients treated surgically from 1965 to 1992. J Neurosurg 87:141-162, 1997.

3. Greene KA, Marciano FF, Hamilton MG, Herman JM, Rekate HL, Spetzler RF: Cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermic circulatory arrest and barbiturate cerebral protection for the treatment of giant vertebrobasilar aneurysms in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:124-133, 1994.

4. Lawton MT, Raudzens PA, Zabramski JM, Spetzler RF: Hypothermic circulatory arrest in neurovascular surgery: evolving indications and predictors of patient outcome. Neurosurgery 43:10-20, 1998.

5. Young WL, Lawton MT, Gupta DK, Hashimoto T. Anesthetic management of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for cerebral aneurysm clipping. Anesthesiology 96:497-503, 2002.

Unruptured Aneuryms

1.,Bederson JB, Awad IA, Wiebers DO, Piepgras D, Haley EC Jr, Brott T, Hademenos G, Chyatte D, Rosenwasser R, Caroselli C. Recommendations for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102:2300-8, 2000.

2. Mitchell P, Jakubowski J: Risk analysis of treatment of unruptured aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:577-580, 2000.

3. Raaymakers TW: Functional outcome and quality of life after angiography and operation for unruptured intracranial aneurysms. On behalf of the MARS Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:571-576, 2000.

+4. Wardlaw JM, White PM: The detection and management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Brain 123:205-221, 2000.

*5. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms-risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. N Engl J Med 339:1725-1733, 1998.